After Peterson & Eernisse, 2001 (Fig. 1)
<==o Bilateralia (kaksikylkis-symmetriset eläimet) |--o Deuterostomia (jälkisuiset) | |-- Chordata (selkäjänteiset) | `--+-- Echinodermata (piikkinahkaiset) | `--+== Enteropneusta [Hemichordata:] (terhomadot) [paraphyletic] | `-- Graptolithina [Hemichordata:] (siipikiduksiset) `--o Protostomia |--o Ecdysozoa (nahanluovat eläimet) | |-- Chaetognatha | `--+-- Gastrotricha | `--+--+-- Tardigrada | | `--+-- Onychophora | | `-- Arthropoda (niveljalkaiset) [polyphyletic??] | `--+--+-- Nematoda | | `-- Nematomorpha (jouhimadot) | `--+-- Priapulida | `--+-- Kinorhyncha | `-- Loricifera `--o Lophotrochozoa |--+-- Phoronida (tupsumadot) | `-- Brachiopoda (lonkerojalkaiset) `--+-- Ectoprocta [Bryozoa] (sammaleläimet) |-- Entoprocta (pikarimadot) |--+-- Nemertea (limamadot) | `--+-- Sipuncula [Sipunculoidea] (ruiskumadot) | `--+-- Mollusca (nilviäiset) | `--+-- Echiura [Echiuroidea] (tähtimadot) | `-- Annelida [Clitellata] (nivelmadot) `--+-- Rotifera (rataseläimet) |-- Cycliophora `--+-- Gnathostomulida `-- Platyhelmithes (laakamadot)
Reference(s):
- Conway Morris, S., 1993: The fossil record and early evolution of the Metazoa.
–Nature, vol. 361, 21 January, pp. 219-225 - Davidson, E. H., Peterson,K. J. & Cameron, R. A., 1995: Origin of bilaterian body plans: Evolution of developmental regulatory mechanisms.
–Science: Vol. 270, 24 November, pp. 1319-1325 - Hou, X. & Bergström, J., 1997: Arthropods of the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, southwest China.
–Fossils & Strata, Number 45, 22nd December 1997, pp. 1-116 - –iNet: The Tree of Life
- Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Peterson, K. J. & Eernisse, D. J., 2001: Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences.
–Evolution & Development: Vol. 3, #3, pp. 170-205