After Conway-Morris, 1993, Wray, 1999 [“The Tree of Life”], Zamora, Rahman & Smith, 2012, and Smith & Zamora, 2013
<==o Echinodermata (Spiny-skinned animals; piikkinahkaiset) |?- †Arkarua adami [a non-echinodermate Ediacaran organism] |-- †Ctenoimbricata spinosa Zamora, Rahman & Smith, 2012 `==o †Homalozoa [Calcichordata; Ankyroida] [paraphyletic basal non-pentaradial echinodermates] |?-o †Vetulocystida Shu, Conway Morris, Han, Zhang & Liu, 2004 | `--o †Vetulocystidae Shu, Conway Morris, Han, Zhang & Liu, 2004 | |-- †Vetulocystis catenata Shu, Conway Morris, Han, Zhang & Liu, 2004 | `-- †Dianchicystis jianshanensis Shu, Conway Morris, Han, Zhang & Liu, 2004 |--o †Ctenocystoidea Robison & Sprinkle, 1969 [Ctenocystoida Ubaghs & Robison, 1988] | |-- †Courtessolea moncereti Domínguez-Alonso, 1999 | `--+--o †Ctenocystis Robison & Sprinkle, 1969 [Ctenocystidae Sprinkle & Robison, 1978] | | |-- †C. utahensis Robison & Sprinkle, 1969 | | |-- †C. colodon Robison & Sprinkle 1969 | | |-- †C. smithi Ubaghs, 1987 | | `-- †C. jagoi | |-- †Etoctenocystis bohemica Fatka & Kordule, 1985 | |-- †Jugoszowia archaeocyathoides Dzik & Orlowski 1995 | `-- †Pembrocystis gallica Domínguez Alonso, 2004 `--+-- †Cincta Jaekel, 1918 [Homostelea] `--+--o †Stylophora Gill & Caster, 1960 [Calcichordata; Caroidea] [incl.? Ankyroida] | |-- †Cornuta Jaekel, 1901 (cornutes) | `-- †Mitrata Jaekel, 1918 (mitrates) `--+-- †Soluta Jaekel, 1900 [Homoiostelea] (solutes) `--+--o †Helicoplacoidea Durham & Caster, 1963 | |-- †Westgardella | `--o †Helicoplacidae Durham & Caster, 1963 | |-- †Polyplacus kilmeri Durham, 1967 | `--+-- †Waucobella nelsoni Durham, 1967 | `--o †Helicoplacus Durham & Caster, 1963 | |?- †H. guthi | |-- †H. gilberti Durham & Caster, 1963 | `-- †H. curtisi Durham & Caster, 1963 `--o Echinodermata sensu stricto (pentametric echinodermates; viisisäteiset piikkinahkaiset) |-- †Helicocystis moroccoensis Smith & Zamora, 2013 [Helicocystitidae Smith & Zamora, 2013] `--+-- †Camptostroma roddyi Hundt, 1939 `--+--o Pelmatozoa Leuckart, 1848 | |?- †Astrocystites ottawaensis Whiteaves, 1897 [Steganoblastus Whiteaves, 1898] [Edrioblastoidea Fay, 1962: Pentacystida Jaekel, 191: Astrocystitidae Bassler, 1938 [Steganoblastidae Bassler, 1900]] | |?-o †Parablastoidea Hudson, 1907 | | `--o †Plastocystidae Jaekel, 1918 | | |-- †Blastocystis rossica Jekel, 1918; L.Ord. NEEu. | | `-- †Blastoidocrinus carchariaedens Billings, 1859; M.Ord. ENA. | `==o †Eocrinoidea Jaekel, 1918 [paraphyletic] | |?- †Balangicystis rotundus Parsley & Zhao, 2006 | |?- †Blastoidea [Blastozoa] [incl. Eocrinoidea?] | |--+-- †Kinzercystis durhami Sprinkle, 1973 [paraphyletic Lepidocystoidea Durham, 1967 [= Imbricata Sprinkle, 1973]] | | `--+-- †Cystoidea [incl. Diploporida, Rhombifera] | | `--o †Gogiida Broadhead, 1982 | | |-- †Rhopalocystis destombesi Ubaghs, 1963 | | `--o †Eocrinidae Jaekel, 1918 emend. Parsley & Zhao, 2006 [Sinoeocrinidae Zhao et al., 1994 (pars); Lichenoididae Jaekel, 1918 sensu Zhao et al., 1994 (pars)] | | |-- †Acanthocystites briareus Barrande 1887 | | |-- †Akadocrinus jani Prokop, 1962 | | |--o †Gogia Walcott, 1917 [Eocrinus in partim] | | | |-- †G. hobbsi Sprinkle, 1973 | | | |-- †G. prolifica Walcott, 1917 | | | |-- †G. longidactylus (Walcott, 1886) Robinson, 1965 | | | |-- †G. granulosa Robinson, 1965 | | | |-- †G. multibrachiata (Kirk, 1945) Robinson, 1965 | | | |-- †G. spiralis Robinson, 1965 | | | `-- †G. ojenai Durham, 1978 | | |--o †Sinoeocrinus Zhao et al., 1994 [Paragogia Zhao et al., 1994; Curteocrinus Zhao et al., 1994] | | | |-- †S. lui Zhao et al., 1994 [Sinoeocrinus curtobrachiolus Zhao et al., 1994; Sinoeocrinus lepidus Zhao et al., 1994; Sinoeocrinus longus Zhao et al., 1994; Sinoeocrinus minus Zhao et al., 1994; Paragogia globosa Zhao et al., 1994; Curteocrinus guizhouensis Zhao et al., 1994] | | | `?- †“S. globus” Zhao, Huang & Gong, 1999 [nomen nudum] | | `-- †Lichenoides Barrande, 1846 | `--+-- †Lepidocystis wanneri Foerste, 1938 [paraphyletic Lepidocystoidea Durham, 1967 [= Imbricata Sprinkle, 1973]] | `--+-- †Echmatocrinus [Echmatocrinea: Echmatocrinida] | `--o Crinozoa (sea lilies and feather stars; merilijat) | |?- †Coronata Jaekel, 1918 | |?- †Paracrinoidea Regnéll, 1945 [Eustelea Jaekel, 1900; Deviata Jaekel, 1918] | `-- Crinoidea Miller, 1821 (sea lilies and feather stars; merilijat) `--o Eleutherozoa Bather, 1900 |?- †Stromatocystides [Stromatocystidea] |-- †Edrioasteroidea Billings, 1858 `--+?- Holothuroidea de Blainville, 1834 (sea cucumbers; merimakkarat) `--+?-o Concentricycloidea Baker, Rowe & Clark, 1986 [Peripodida Baker, Rowe & Clark, 1986] (sea daisies) | `--o Xyloplax Baker, Rowe & Clark, 1986 [Xyloplacidae Baker, Rowe & Clark, 1986] [possibly aberrant asteroid close to Spinulosids or within them. (Brusca & †Brusca, 2002)] | |-- X. medusiformis Baker, Rowe & Clark, 1986 | |-- X. turnerae Rowe, Baker & Clark, 1988 | `-- X. janetae Mah, 2006 |--o Asterozoa (sea stars and brittle stars; meritähdet ja käärmetähdet) | `==o †Somasteroidea Spencer, 1951 [paraphyletic basal asterozoans] | |-- Asteroidea de Blainville, 1830 (sea stars and cushion stars; meritähdet) | `-- Ophiuroidea Gray, 1840 (brittle-stars and basket-stars; käärmetähdet) `?-+-- †Sollasina woodwardi (Sollas) Fedotov, 1926 [Ophiocistioidea Sollas, 1899 (nom. correct. Ubaghs, 1953 (pro class Ophiocistia Sollas & Sollas, 1912, nom. transl. ex order Ophiocistia Sollas, 1899)) (=class Ophiocista Matsumoto, 1929 (nom. null.); Ophiocistioídes Lameer, 1931 (nom. neg.); class Ophiocystia Moore, Lalicker & Fischer, 1952 (nom.null.)]] `--o Echinozoa |?-o †Astrocystides Whiteaves, 1897 [Edrioblastoidea Fay, 1962] | |-- †A. ottawaensis Whiteaves, 1897 | `-- †A. distans Webby, 1968 `-- Echinoidea Leske, 1778 (sea urchins and sand dollars; merisiilit)
Alternative views of recent Echinodermate relationships:
After Janies, Voight & Daly, 2011 (Fig.1 (molecular + morphology))<==o Echinodermata |-- Crinoidea `--o Eleutherozoa |-- Asteroidea `--+-- Echinoidea `--+-- Ophiuroidea `-- Holothuroidea Reference(s):
|
The Asterozoa-Echinozoa hypothesis<==o Echinodermata |-- Crinoidea `--o Eleutherozoa |--o Asterozoa | |-- Ophiuroidea | `-- Asteroidea `--o Echinozoa |-- Holothuroidea `-- Echinoidea |
The Cryptosyringida hypothesis<==o Echinodermata |-- Crinoidea `--o Eleutherozoa |-- Asteroidea `--o Cryptosyringida |-- Ophiuroidea `--o Echinozoa |-- Holothuroidea `-- Echinoidea |
Reference(s):
- Beaver, H. H., Caster, K. E., Durham, J. W., Fay, R. O., Fell, H. B., Kesling, R. V., Macurda jr., D. B., Moore, R. C., Ubaghs, G. & †Wanner, J., 1967: Part S – Echinodermata 1.
in Moore, R. C., (eds.) 1967: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology.
–Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Lawrence (Kansas), New York (NY), 1967, xxix-S296 - Botting, J. P., 2003: Llanvirn (Middle Ordovician) echinoderms from Llandegley rocks, central Wales.
–Palaeontology: Vol. 46, #4, pp. 685-708 - Brusca, R. C. & †Brusca, G. J., 2002: Invertebrates.
–Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts, 2002, xix-936 - Conway Morris, S., 1993: The fossil record and early evolution of the Metazoa.
–Nature, vol. 361, 21 January, pp. 219-225 - Durham, J. W. & Caster, K. E., 1963: Helicoplacoidea: A New Class of Echinoderms.
–Science: Vol. 140, #3568, pp. 820-822 [doi: 10.1126/science.140.3568.820] - Fay, R. O., 1962: Edrioblastoidea, a new class of Echinodermata.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 36, #2, pp. 201-205 - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Hess, H., Ausich, W. I., Brett, C. E. & Simms, M. J., (eds.) 1999: Fossil Crinoids.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1999, xv-275 - Janies, D. A., Voight, J. R. & Daly, M., 2011: Echinoderm phylogeny including Xyloplax, a progenetic asteroid.
–Systematic Biology: Vol. 60, #4, pp. 420-438 [doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syr044] - Paul, C. R. C. & Smith, A. B., 1984: The early radiation and phylogeny of echinoderms.
–Biological Reviews: Vol. 59, #4, pp. 443-481 [doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1984.tb00411.x] - Smith, A. B. & Zamora, S., 2013: Cambrian spiral-plated echinoderms from Gondwana reveal the earliest pentaradial body plan.
–Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: Vol. 280, #1765, pp. [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1197] - Wray, G. A., 1999: Echinodermata - Spiny-skinned animals: sea urchins, starfish, and their allies. (Updated: 1999-12-14)
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Echinodermata&contgroup=Animals; [visited: 2002-10-05] - Zamora, S., Lefebvre, B., Álvaro, J. J., Clausen, S., Elicki, O., Fatka, O., Jell, P., Kouchinsky, A., Lin, J.-P., Nardin, E., Parsley, R., Rozhnov, S., Sprinkle, J., Sumrall, C. D., Vizcaïno, D. & Smith, A. B., 2013: Chapter 13 - Cambrian echinoderm diversity and palaeobiogeography.
–Geological Society, London, Memoirs: Vol. 38, #1, pp. 157-171 [doi: 10.1144/m38.13] - Zamora, S., Rahman, I. A. & Smith, A. B., 2012: Plated Cambrian Bilaterians Reveal the Earliest Stages of Echinoderm Evolution.
–Plos One: Vol. 7, #6, pp. e38296 [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038296]