After Vinther, 2015
Phylogeny of selected "basal" conchifers after Wagner, 1995, and Wagner, in Kazlev, 2002b
Alternative phylogeny of molluscan classes after Waller, 1998 (from Kazlev, 2002a)
Pseudophylogeny after Parker, 1982
<==o Mollusca Cuvier 1795 (molluscs; nilviäiset) |-- †Kimberella quadrata (Glaessner & Wade, 1966) Wade, 1972 [Kimberia quadrata Glaessner & Wade, 1966] `--+-- †Odontogriphus omalus Conway Morris, 1976 [Odontogriphidae Conway Morris, 1976] `==o Mollusca Cuvier 1795 sensu stricto [last common ancestor of living molluscs and all it's decendants] |--o Aculifera | |?=o †Halwaxida Conway Morris & Caron, 2007 [incl. Siphogonuchitida; Halkieriida; Wiwaxiida; ?Sachitida; ?Chancelloriida] [paraphyletic basal Aculiferas sensu Vinther, 2015] | | |?- †Thambetolepis | | |?-o †Chancelloriida | | | `--o †Chancelloriidae Walcott, 1920 | | | |--o †Allonnia Doré & Reid, 1965 | | | | |-- †A. tripodophora Doré & Reid, 1965 | | | | `-- †A. phrixothrix Bengtson & Hou, 2001 | | | |--o †Archiasterella Sdzuy, 1969 | | | | |-- †A. elegans Gravestock et al., 2001 | | | | |-- †A. pentactina Sdzuy, 1969 | | | | |-- †A. tetraspina Vassiljeva & Sayutina, 1993 | | | | `-- †A. hirundo Bengtson, in Bengtson et al., 1990 | | | |--o †Chancelloria Walcott, 1920 [Actinoites Duan 1984, Fangxianites Duan, 1984; Monospinites Vassiljeva & Sayutina, 1988, Stellaria Vassiljeva, 1985; Stellispinella Vassiljeva & Sayutina, 1993] | | | | |-- †C. diclinatus (Duan, 1984) [Actinoites diclinatus Duan, 1984] | | | | |-- †C. simplex (Duan, 1984) [Actinoites simplex Duan, 1984] | | | | |-- †C. tetractina (Duan, 1984) [Actinoites tetractina Duan, 1984] | | | | |-- †C. universalis (Duan, 1984) [Actinoites universalis Duan, 1984] | | | | |-- †C. arida Duan, 1984 | | | | |-- †C. coronacea Vassiljeva, 1985 | | | | |-- †C. eros Walcott, 1920 | | | | |-- †C. iranica Mostler & Mosleh-Yazdi, 1976 | | | | |-- †C. obliqua Gravestock et al., 2001 | | | | |-- †C. odontodes Duan, 1984 | | | | |-- †C. pentacta Rigby 1978 | | | | |-- †C. primaria Missarzhevsky, 1989 | | | | |-- †C. racemifundis Bengston 1990 | | | | |-- †C. sardinica Mostler, 1985 | | | | |-- †C. simmetrica Vassiljeva, 1985 | | | | |-- †C. spinulosa Vassiljeva, 1985 | | | | |-- †C. symmetrica Vassiljeva, 1985 | | | | |-- †C. petalinus (Duan, 1984) [Fangxianites petalinus Duan, 1984] | | | | `-- †C. schizolomus (Duan, 1984) [Fangxianites schizolomus Duan, 1984] | | | |--o †Platyspinites Vassiljeva, 1985 | | | | `-- †P. elegans Parkhaev & Demidenko, 2010 | | | |--o †Chancelloriella Demidenko, 2000 | | | | |-- †C. bella Demidenko, 2000 | | | | `-- †C. irregularis (Qian, 1989) [Chancelloria irregularis Qian, 1989] | | | |-- †Ginospina Missarzhevsky, 1989 | | | `-- †Cambrothyra ampulliformis Qian & Zhang, 1983 | | |?-o †Sachitida | | | |?-o †Australohalkieria Porter 2004 | | | | |-- †A. parva (Bengtson et al. 1990) [Halkieria parva Bengtson et al. 1990] | | | | `-- †A. superstes Porter 2004 | | | |-- †Hippopharangites dailyi Bengtson, in Bengtson et al., 1990 | | | |?-o †Ninella Missarzhevsky & Mambetov, 1981 | | | | |-- †N. serebrjannikovae Missarzhevsky & Mambetov, 1981 | | | | `-- †N. tarimensis Qian & Xiao, 1984 | | | |--o †Sachitidae Meshkova, 1969 | | | | `-- †Sachites proboscideus Meshkova, 1969 | | | `--o †Siphogonuchitidae | | | |-- †Dabashanites mirus Chen, 1979 | | | |--o †Drepanochites | | | | |-- †D. deminatus | | | | `-- †D. dilatatus Luo et al., 1982 | | | |-- †Lomasulcachites macrus Luo et al., 1982 [Heterosculpotheca phaneres Luo et al. 1982, Siphogonuchites spinatus Xing 1984] | | | |--o †Lopochites Qian, 1977 | | | | |-- †L. latazonalis Qian, 1977 [Palaeosulcachites latus Jiang, 1980] | | | | `-- †L. quadrogonus Qian, 1984 [Lopochites intercostatus Qian, 1984] | | | |-- †Quadrosiphogonuchites Chen 1982 [Paraconularoides He, 1984; Paranabarites Jiang, 1982] | | | `--o †Siphogonuchites Qian, 1977 [incl.? Lobochites; Maikhanella; Palaeosulcachites Qian, 1977; Trapezochites Qian & Yiang, 1982] | | | |-- †S. intercostatus [Sachitelus intercostatus] | | | |-- †S. bisulcatus Qian & Yin, 1984 | | | |-- †S. equilateralis Qian & Yin 1984 | | | |-- †S. intermedius Qian, 1977 | | | |-- †S. pusilliformis Qian, 1977 | | | |-- †S. triangularis Qian, 1977 [Palaeosulcachites biformis Qian, 1977; Palaeosulcachites irregularis Qian, 1977; Palaeosulcachites minus Qian, 1984; Palaeosulcachites shipaiensis Qian, 1984; Trapezochites minuta Jiang, 1980] | | | |-- †S. chordoides [Trapezochites chordoides] | | | `-- †S. sp. cf. S. triangularis Qian, 1977 | | `--+--o †Halkieriidae Poulsen, 1967 | | | |?-o †Ocruranus Liu, 1979 | | | | |-- †O. finial Liu, 1979 [Chengjiangoconus trilophodes He & Yang 1982; Cremnodinotus gryphus Liu, 1987; Dengyingoconus trianguliformis Xing et al., 1984; Eohalobia diandongensis Luo et al., 1982; Gotlandochiton minimus Yü 1987; Liorichita sublaevis Liu 1987; Meishucunchiton vulgarus Yu, 1987; Ocruranus diandongensis Luo et al., 1982; Ocruranus gryphus Liu, 1987; Ocruranus regularis Liu, 1987; Ocruranus subpentaedrus Jiang, 1980; Parapunctella xifingensis Luo & Jiang, 1982; Pileconus veloides Jiang, 1980; Postephaconus tentes Jiang, 1980; Postestephaconus tentes Jiang, 1980; Stephaconus subpentaedrus Jiang, 1980; Stoliconus usitatus Jiang 1980; Stoliconus vemeres Jiang, 1980] | | | | |-- †O. modestus (Yü, 1987) [Runnegarochiton modestus Yü, 1987] | | | | |-- †O. septentrionalis Peel & Skovsted, 2005 | | | | |-- †O. trulliformis Jiang, 1980 [Ginella yichangensis Chen & Zhang 1980] | | | | `-- †O. tunuensis Peel & Skovsted, 2005 | | | |?-o †Eohalobia Luo et al., 1982 [Meishucunchiton Yü 1987; Parapunctella Luo & Jiang, 1982; Zeugites Qian et al., 1979] | | | | |?- †E. diandongensis Luo et al., 1982 | | | | `-- †E. bifidus (Qian et al., 1979) [Zeugites bifidus Qian et al., 1979] | | | |?- †Sinosachites flabelliformis He, 1980 | | | `--o †Halkieria Poulsen, 1967 | | | |-- †H. amorphe Meshkova, 1974 | | | |-- †H. curvativa Missarzhevsky & Mambetov, 1981 | | | |-- †H. denlanatiformis Missarzhevsky & Mambetov, 1981 | | | |-- †H. evangelista Conway Morris & Peel, 1995 | | | |-- †H. mira (Qian & Xiao, 1984) [Acrosquama mira; Sachites mira; Sachites mirus; Acrosquama glossoides Gao et al. 1985; Acrosquama liratus Gao et al. 1985; Sachites glossoides Gao et al. 1985; Sachites liratus Gao et al. 1985] | | | |-- †H. obliqua Poulsen, 1967 | | | |-- †H. sacciformis (Meshkova, 1969) [Sachites sacciformis Meshkova, 1969] | | | |-- †H. sthenobasis Luo & Jiang, 1982 | | | |-- †H. stonei Landing et al., 1989 | | | |-- †H. trianguliformis Missarzhevsky & Mambetov, 1981 | | | |-- †H. undulatus Wang, 1994 | | | `-- †H. wangi Parkhaev & Demidenko, 2010 | | `--+--o †Orthrozanclidae Conway Morris & Caron, 2007 | | | |?- †Oikozetetes seilacherii | | | `-- †Orthrozanclus reburrus Conway Morris & Caron, 2007 | | `--o †Wiwaxiidae | | `--o †Wiwaxia Matthew, 1899 | | |-- †W. corrugata Matthew, 1899 | | `-- †W. foliosa Yang et al., 2014 | `--+-- Aplacophora von Ihering, 1876 (piilojalkaiset) | `-- Polyplacophora Blainville, 1816 (polyplacophorans, chitons; nivelkotilot, kitonit) `--o Conchifera [Monoplacophora Odhner 1940] `==o †Helcionelloida Peel, 1991 [incl. Kirengellida Rosov, 1975] |?- †Cricoconarida Lyashenko, 1957 |?- †Cyrtonellida Horný, 1963 |-- †Yochelcionellidae |--o †Helcionellidae wenz, 1938 [Helcionellida Geyer, 1994] | |-- †Chuiliella Gubanov & Peel, 2001 | |--o †Helcionella | | |-- †H. oblonga (Cobbold, 1921) | | |-- †H. rugosa var. comleyensis (Cobbold, 1921) | | |-- †H. subrugosa (d'Orbigny, 1850) | | `-- †H. yunnanesis Zhang & Babcock, 2002 | |-- †Latouchella taijiangensis Mao, Zhao & Huang, 1993 | |-- †Marocella Geyer, 1986 | |--o †Nyuella | | `-- †N. bjalyi Rosov, 1975 | |-- †Randomia aurorae Matthew, 1899 | |--o †Tannuella | | |-- †T. elata | | `-- †T. elinorae | |--o †Totoralia Tortello & Sabattini, 2011 | | |-- †T. hornillensis (Rusconi, 1956) [Pichynella striata Rusconi, 1958] | | `-- †T. reticulata Conway Morris & Peel, 2013 | `-- †Protoconchioides Shaw, 1962 |?- †Cyrtonellida Horný, 1963 |?-o †Hypseloconida | `--o Hypseloconidae | |?- †Archaeconus | |?- †Cambrioconus | |?- †Knightoconus | `?- †Hypseloconus |--+?-o †Scenellidae Miller, 1889 | | `--o †Scenella Miller, 1889 [?Parmorphorella Matthew, 1886] [Helcionelloida Peel, 1991] | | |-- †S. affinis Ulrich & Schfield, 1897 | | |-- †S. amii (Matthew, 1902) Babcock & Robinson, 1988 | | |-- †S. anomala (Billings, 1865) Wagner, 2008 | | |-- †S. augusta (Billings, 1865) Wagner, 2008 | | |-- †S. barrandei (Linnarsson, 1879) (Bergerg-Madsen & Peel, 1986) | | |-- †S. beloitensis Ulrich & Scofield (1897) | | |-- †S. clotho Walcott, 1936 | | |-- †S. compressa Ulrich & Scofield, 1897 | | |-- †S. conica Whiteaves, 1884 | | |-- †S. conula (Walcott, 1884) | | |-- †S. conicum (Whitfield, 1886) Ulrich & Scofield, 1897 | | |-- †S. hujingtanensis Yu, 1979 | | |-- †S. magnifica Ulrich & Scofield, 1897 | | |-- †S.? mira Vasil’yeva, 1994 | | |-- †S. montrealensis Billings (1865) | | |-- †S. obtusa (Sardeson, 1892) Ulrich & Scofield, 1897 | | |-- †S. orithyia (Billings, 1865) Ulrich & Scofield, 1897 | | |-- †S. pretensa Raymond, 1905 | | |-- †S. radialis Ulrich & Scofield (1897) | | |-- †S. radians Babcock & Robinson, 1988 | | |-- †S. radiata Yu, 1979 | | |-- †S. reticulata (Billings, 1872) | | |-- †S. retusa (Ford, 1873) | | |-- †S. unicarinata (Kobayashi, 1934) Wagner, 2008 | | |-- †S. varians Walcott 1908 | | |-- †S. venillia (Billings, 1865) Wagner, 2008 | | `-- †S. tenuistriata Chapman, 1911 | `-- Monoplacophorida Wenz & Knight, 1952 [Tryblidiida Lemche 1957] |--+?-o †Tannuella Missarzhevsky, in Rozanov et al., 1969 | | |-- †T. elata Missarzhevsky, in Rozanov et al., 1969 | | `-- †T. elinorae Brock & Paterson, 2004 | `-- Cephalopoda Cuvier, 1797 (cephalopods, squids, octopuses, ammonites, etc.; pääjalkaiset) |==o †Rostroconchia Pojeta, Runnegar, Morris & Newell, 1972 | |?- †Heraultipegma | |-- †Ribeirioidea | `==o †Conocardioidea | `-- Scaphopoda Bronn, 1862 (tusk shells; hammaskotilot) |?=o †Stenothecida | `==o †Stenothecidae | |-- †Anabarella Vostokova, 1962 [Anabaritidae Missarzhevsky, 1974] | |-- †Eurekapegma MacKinnon, 1985 | |-- †Mellopegma Runnegar & Jell, 1976 | |--o †Stenothecinae Runnegar & Jell, 1980 | | `-- †Stenotheca Hicks, 1872 | `--+--o †Watsonellinae Parkhaev, 2001 | | `-- †Watsonella Grabau, 1900 | `-- Bivalvia Linnaeus, 1758 [Pelycopoda; Lamellibranchia] (bivalvs; simpukat) `--+?- †Pelagiellida `-- Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 (gastropods, snails, slugs, etc.; kotilot)
After Waller, 1998 (from Kazlev, 2002a)<==o Mollusca |--o Aplacophora | |-- Solenogastres | `-- Caudofoveata `--o Testaria |-- Polyplacophora `--o Conchifera |?=o †Heliconelloida | |?- †Scenellidae | |-- †Yochelcionellidae | |-- †Stenothecidae | `-- †Helcionellidae |-- Tryblidiida [Monoplacophora sensu stricto] `--+--o Diasoma | |-- †Stenothecida | `--+-- †Rostroconchia | `-- Bivalvia `--o Cyrtosoma |?=o †Tergomya | |?- †Cyrtonellida | `-- †Hypseloconida |-- Gastropoda `--+-- Scaphopoda |?- †Cricoconarida `-- Cephalopoda |
Phylogeny of selected “basal” conchifers after Wagner, 1995, and Wagner, in Kazlev, 2002<==o Mollusca `--o Conchifera |-- †Helcionella subrugosa [Helcionelloida] |-- †Oelandia rugosa `--+-- †Latouchella merino |?-o †Rostroconchia sensu lato?? | |--+-- †Latouchella accordionata | | `-- †Latouchella penecyrano | `--+--+-- †Eotebenna arctica | | `--+-- †Eotebenna pontifex | | |-- †Eotebenna papilio | | `--+-- †Eotebenna viviannae | | `--o †Yochelcionella | | |-- †Y. deleki | | `--+-- †Y. cyrano | | `-- †Y. ostentata | `--+-- †Enigmaconus parvus | |-- †Anabarella simesi | `--+-- †Anabarella argus | `--+-- †Mellopegma georginensis | `--+-- †Eurekapegma cooperi | `--+--+-- Bivalvia | | `--+-- †Heraultipegma varensalense | | `-- †Watsonella crosbyi | `--+-- †Rostroconchia sensu stricto?? | `--+-- †Tuarangia paparua | `-- †Pseudomyona queenslandica `--+--+-- †Coreospira rugosa | `-- †Sinuella minuata `--+--+-- †Euomphalopsis involuta | `-- †Macluritella? walcotti `--+--o Paragastropoda | |--o †Pelagielloidea | | |-- †Costipelagiella zazvorkai | | `-- †Pelagiella subangulata | `--o †Onychochilioidea | |-- †“Maclurites” thomsoni | `--+-- †Scaevogyra swezeyi | `--+-- †Kobayashiella circe | `--o †Matherellina | |-- †M. walcotti | `-- †M. saratogensis `--o “Tergomya” |-- †Kiringella pyramidalis |--o Hypseloconoidea | |-- †Hypseloconus elongatus | `-- †Knightoconus antarcticus `--+-- †Cyrtolites sp. `--o Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 sensu stricto? |-- †Chippeaella patellitheca [Tropidodiscinae] `--o Bellerophontina `--+-- †Strepsodiscus major [Tropidodiscinae] |-- †Strepsodiscus paucivoluta [Tropidodiscinae] |--o †Bellerophontoidea | |-- †Chalarostrepsis praecursor | `--+-- †Eubucania mexicana | `-- †Peelerophon oehlerti `-- “Archaeogastropoda” Thiele, 1925 |
After Parker, 1982<==o Mollusca |==o Monoplacophora `--+?- Aplacophora |-- Polyplacophora `--+-- Gastropoda |?- †Cricoconarida |-- Cephalopoda `--+?- †Stenothecida |?- †Rostroconchia |-- Scaphopoda `-- Bivalvia |
Reference(s):
- Brock, G. A. & Paterson, J. R., A New species of Tannuella (Helcionellida, Mollusca) from the Early Cambrian of South Australia.
–Association of Australasian palaeontologists memoirs: Vol. 30, pp. 133-143 - Morris, S. C. & Peel, J. S., 2013: A New Helcionelloid Mollusk from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, Canada.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 87, #6, pp. 1067-1070 [doi: 10.1666/13-050] - Kazlev, M. A., 2002a–: Phylum Mollusca.
–iNet: The Palaeos: http://www.palaeos.org/mollusca - Kazlev, M. A., 2002b–: Class Rostroconchia.
–iNet: "The Palaeos": http://www.palaeos.org/rostroconchia - Kröger, B., Vinther, J. & Fuchs, D., 2011: Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules.
–BioEssays: Vol. 33, #8, pp. 602-613 [doi: 10.1002/bies.201100001] - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Wagner, P. J., 2002 [1995]: Phylogenetic relationships of the earliest anisostrophically coiled gastropods.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: Vol. 88, pp. vi-152 - Vinther, J., 2015: The origins of molluscs.
–Palaeontology: Vol. 58, #1, pp. 19-34 [doi: 10.1111/pala.12140] - Vinther, J., Sperling, E. A., Briggs, D. E. G. & Peterson, K. J., 2012: A molecular palaeobiological hypothesis for the origin of aplacophoran molluscs and their derivation from chiton-like ancestors.
–Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: Vol. 279, #1732, pp. 1259-1268 [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1773]