After “The Tree of Life”, Wheeler, W. C., Whiting, Wheeler, Q. D. & Carpenter, 2001, and Grimaldi & Engel, 2005
Alternative phylogeny after Terry & Whiting, 2005
<==o Neoptera (Neopterous insects = bugs, beetles, wasps, moths, flies, etc.) |?- †Permarrhamphus venosus Martynov, 1931 [Permarrhamphidae Martynov, 1931] |--o Polyneoptera Martynov, 1938 [Orthopterodea] | |== †Paraplecoptera | |--+?- †Paoliida Handlirsch, 1906 sensu Prokop, Krzeminski, Krzeminska & Wojciechowski, 2012 [Protoptera Sharov, 1966] | | `-- Dictyoptera Leach [incl. Blattaria, Isoptera, and Mantodea] (cockroaches, termites, mantids; torakat, termiitit, rukoilijasirkat) | `==o †Protorthoptera Handlirsch [paraphyletic assemblage of basal Polyneopterans] | |?-o †Blattinopsidae Bolton 1925 [Oryctoblattina Scudder 1879] | | `--o †Glaphyrophlebia Handlirsch 1906 [Pursa Sellards, 1909; Sindon Sellards, 1909] | | |-- †G. speciosa (Sellards, 1909) [Sindon | | `-- †G. ovata (Sellards, 1909) [Pursa] | |?-o †Chelopteridae Carpenter 1950 | | `-- †Chelopterum peregrinum Carpenter 1950 | |?-o †Phenopteridae Carpenter, 1950 | | `--o †Phenopterum Carpenter, 1950 [nom. subst. pro. Lepium Sellards, 1909] | | `-- †P. elongatum (Sellards, 1909) [Lepium reticulatum Sellards 1909; Lepium sellardsi Handlirsch 1919] | |?-o †Raaschiidae Beckemeyer 2004 | | `-- †Raaschia oklahomensis Beckemeyer 2004 | |?-o †Stereopteridae Carpenter 1950 | | `-- †Stereopterum rotundum Carpenter 1950 | |?-o †Protembiidae Tillyard, 1937 [Protembiaria Tillyard, 1937; Proembioptera Davis, 1940b] | | `-- †Protembia permiana Tillyard, 1937; L.Per,. SWNAm. | |?- †Sheimiodea Martynova, 1958; U.Perm. NAs. | `--o Anartioptera Engel | |--o Polyplecoptera Arillo & Engel, 2006 | | `--o Plecopterida Boudreaux | | |?= †Permoplecopera Martynov | | |-- Plecoptera Burmeister [incl. †Protoperlaria] (stoneflies; koskikorennot) | | `--o Mystroptera Engel | | |-- Embiodea Kusnezov, 1903 [taxonomic history] (web-spinners; kehruujalkaiset) | | `-- Zoraptera Silvestri (sorotäit) | `--o Polyorthoptera Engel & Grimaldi | |?-o Dermopterida Boureaux | | |== †Protelytroptera Tillyard | | `-- Dermaptera de Geer, 1773 (earwigs; pihtihäntäiset) | |?-o †Chresmoda Germar, 1839 [Chresmodidae] | | |?- ?†C. oweni | | |-- †C. propygolampis J.V. Deichmüller, 1886 | | |-- †C. obscura Germar, 1839 | | |-- †C. libanica Nel, Azar, Martínez-Delclós & Makhoul, 2004 | | `-- †C. aquatica | `--o Orthopterida Boureaux | |-- Notopterodea Arillo & Engel, 2006 [incl. Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea] (crawlers) | `--o Panorthoptera Crampton, 1928 sensu Béthoux & Nel, 2002 | |?-o †Glosselytrodea Martynov sensu Arillo & Engel, 2006 [Holometabola incertae sedis (Grimaldi & Engel, 2005)] | | |-- †Archoglossopteridae | | |-- †Glosselytridae | | |-- †Glossopteridae | | |-- †Jurinidae | | |-- †Polycytellidae | | `-- †Uskatelytridae | |--o Holophasmatodea Grimaldi & Engel | | |== †Aeroplanoptera | | `-- Phasmatodea [Phasmida] (walking sticks and leaf insects; kummitussirkat, sauvasirkat) | `--o Archaeorthoptera Béthoux & Nel, 2002 | |-- †Protophasma Brongniart, 1885 | `--+?- †Omalia macroptera Van Beneden & Coemans, 1867 | |?- †Coselia palmiformis Bolton, 1922 | |?- †Palaeomastax carbonis Handlirsch, 1904 | |?- †Omaliella ramosa | |?- †Ctenoptilus elongatus (Brongniart, 1893) | |?- †Nacekomia rossae Richardson, 1956 | |?- †Lipogramma sinuosa Béthoux, Nel & Lapeyrie 2004 | |?-o †“Eoblattida” | | `--o †Eoblattidae Handlirsch, 1906b | | |-- †Anegertus cubitalis Handlirsch, 1911 | | |-- †Eoblatta robusta (Brongniart, 1885) Handlirsch, 1906b | | |--o †Neraphidia Aristov, 2004 | | | |-- †N. mitis Aristov, 2004 | | | `-- †N. rigida Aristov, 2004 | | |?- †Stenoneura Brongniart, 1893 | | |?- †Ctenoptilus Lameere, 1917 | | |?- †Nectoptilus Béthoux, 2005 | | |?- †Lobeatta Béthoux, 2005 | | `?- †Sinopteron Prokop & Ren, 2007 | |--o †Cnemidolestodea Handlirsch, 1937 | | `--o †Cnemidolestidae Handlirsch, 1906 | | |-- †Aetophlebia Scudder, 1885 | | |-- †Amphiboliacridites Langiaux & Parriat, 1974 | | |-- †Bouleites latipennis Lameere, 1917 | | |-- †Cnemidolestes woodwardi (Brongniart, 1893) Handlirsch, 1906 | | |--o †Ischnoneura Brongniart, 1893; | | | |-- †Ischnoptera diaphanes | | | `-- †Ischnoneura oustaleti (Brongniart, 1885) | | |-- †Narkema taeniatum Handlirsch, 1911 [Narkemidae Handlirsch, 1911] | | |-- †Narkemina Martynov, 1930 | | |-- †Narkeminospis eddi Whalley, 1979 | | |-- †Paranarkemina Pinto & Pinto de Ornellas, 1980 | | |--o †Protodiamphipnoa Brongniart, 1885 | | | |-- †P. tertrini Brongniart, 1885 | | | `-- †P. gaudryi (Brongniart, 1885) | | `-- †Xixia huban Gu, Béthoux & Ren, 2014 | `--o Panorthoptera Crampton, 1928 sensu Béthoux, 2005 | |-- †Caloneurodea Handlirsch, 1937 | `--o Orthoptera Olivier, 1789 sensu Béthoux & Nel, 2002 | |-- Orthoptera Olivier, 1789 (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, etc.; suorasiipiset) | `--+-- †Titanoptera Sharov, 1968 | `--o †Geraridae Scudder, 1885 | |--o †Gerarus Scudder, 1885 [Sthenaropoda Brongniart, 1885] | | |-- †G. vetus Scudder, 1885 | | |-- †G. bruesi (Meunier, 1909) Burnham, 1983 [Archaeacridites bruesi Meunier, 1909; Sthenaropoda bruesi Handlirsch, 1919; Archaeacridites bruesi ñ Vignon, 1929; Gerarus bruesi Burnham, 1983; Gerarus bruesi Kukalová-Peck & Brauckmann, 1992; Gerarus bruesi Carpenter, 1992] | | |-- †G. fisheri (Brongniart, 1885) Burnham, 1983 | | |-- †G. collaris Handlirsch, 1906 | | `-- †G. danielsi Handlirsch, 1906 [G. latus] | `-- †Osnogerarus trecwithiensis Kukalová-Peck & Brauckmann, 1992 `--o Eumetabola |?- †Miomoptera |-- Holometabola [Endopterygota] (metamorphosing insects i.e. beetles, wasps, moths, flies, etc.; muodonvaihtajat) `--o Paraneoptera [Hemipterodea] (bugs, thrips, lice) |?=o †Permopsocida | |--o †Psocidiidae Tillyard, 1926 [incl. Dichenotomidae Carpenter, 1932] | | `--o Dichentomum Tillyard, 1926 [Psocidium Tillyard, 1926; Chaetopsocidium Tillyard, 1926; Metapsocidium Tillyard, 1926; Pentapsocidium Tillyard, 1926; Permentomum Tillyard, 1926; Parapsocidium Zallesky, 1937] | | `-- †D. tinctum Tillyard, 1926 [D. complexum Carpenter, 1926; Psocidium permianum Tillyard, 1926; P. abnormale Tillyard, 1926; P. robustum Tillyard, 1926; P. kansasense Tillyard, 1926; Chaetopsocidium sellardsi Tillyard, 1926; Metopsocidium loxoneurum Tillyard, 1926; Pentapsocidium indistinctum Tillyard, 1926; Permentomum tenuiforme Tillyard, 1926] | `-- †Permopsocidae |?- †Archipsyllidae `--+--o Condylognatha | |-- Hemiptera Linnaeus, 1758 [incl. Homoptera & Heteroptera] (bugs, cicadas, whiteflies, aphids, etc.; nivelkärsäiset) | `-- Thysanoptera Haliday, 1836 [incl. †Lophioneurida Tillyard, 1921] (thrips; ripsiäiset) `--o Psocodea |== Psocoptera (book lice; jäytiäiset) [paraphyletic] `-- Phthiraptera (lice; luteet)
Reference(s):
- Béthoux, O., 2005: Cnemidolestodea (Insecta): An ancient order reinstated.
–Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 3, #4, pp. 403-408 [doi: 10.1017/S147720190500163X] - Béthoux, O. & Briggs, D. E. G., 2008: How Gerarus lost its head: stem-group Orthoptera and Paraneoptera revisited.
–Systematic Entomology: Vol. 33, pp. 529-547 [doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00419.x] - Grimaldi, D. A. & Engel, M. S., 2005: Evolution of the Insects.
–Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, xv-755 - Gu, J.-J., Béthoux, O. & Ren, D., 2014: A New Cnemidolestodean Stem-Orthopteran Insect from the Late Carboniferous of China.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 59, #3, pp. 689-696 [doi: 10.4202/app.2011.0204] - Klass, K.-D., Zompro, O., Kristensen, N. P. & Adis, J., 2002: Mantophasmodea: a new insect order with extant members in the Afrotropics.
–Science: Vol. 296, pp. 1456-1459 - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 6: Selkärangattomat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original publication: Beaut, Du Monde Animal XI & XII Invertébrés.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968 - Maddison, D. R., 1995-1998: Embiidina – Web spinners.
–iNet: The Tree of Life - Maddison, D. R., 1995-1998: Neoptera.
–iNet: The Tree of Life - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Prokop, J., Krzeminski, W., Krzeminska, E. & Wojciechowski, D., 2012: Paoliida, a Putative Stem-Group of Winged Insects: Morphology of New Taxa from the Upper Carboniferous of Poland.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 57, #1, pp. 161-173 [doi: 10.4202/app.2010.0064] - Terry, M. D. & Whiting, M. F., 2005: Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects.
–Cladistics: Vol. 21, pp. 240-257 - Wheeler, W. C., Whiting, M., Wheeler, Q. D. & Carpenter, J. M., 2001: The phylogeny of the extant hexapod orders.
–Gladistics: Vol. 17, #2, pp. 113-169