Protostoma

	Mikko's Phylogeny Archive	Main Groups of Organisms
	Protostoma

After Winnepennickyx et al., 1998

<==o PROTOSTOMA after Winnepennickyx ey al., 1998
   |?- MESOZOA [see Basal Metazoa]
   |?- SIPUNCULA [Sipunculoidea] (ruiskumadot)
   |?- MYZOSTOMIDA (norkomadot)
   |?- KINORHYNCHA (okakaulamadot)
   |?- LORICIFERA ()?
   |?- CHAETOGNATHA [incl. †Protoconodonta] (nuolimadot)
   |?- KINORHYNCHA [Kinorhynchida]
   |?- NEMATOMORPHA (jouhimadot)
   |-- MOLLUSCA (nilviäiset)
   |-- ANNELIDA [+ Vestimentifera & Pogonophora sensu Rouse, 2001] (nivelmadot) 
   |--+-- PHORONIDA (tupsumadot)
   |  `-- BRACHIOPODA (lonkerojalkaiset)
   |-- ENTOPROCTA (pikarimadot)
   |-- BRYOZOA [Ectoprocta] (sammaleläimet)
   |-- GASTROTRICHA (sukaspintaiset)
   |--+?- CYCLIOPHORA Funch & Kristensen, 1995
   |  `--+?- ROTIFERA (rataseläimet)
   |     `?- ACANTHOCEPHALA (väkäkärsämadot)
   |-- LOBOPODA [Onychophora sensu lato] (käsnäjalkaiset; lobopods, velvet worms)
   |-- NEMATA [Nematoda] (sukkulamadot)
   `--+-- PRIAPULIDA
      `--+?- TARDIGRADA (karhukaiset; water bears)
         |?- MILLIPEDIA [Myriapoda?] (tuhatjalkaiset)
         |?- CHELICERATA (kynsileukaiset)
         `--+-- CRUSTACEOMORPHA(äyriäistensukuiset niveljalkaiset)
             `-- INSECTA [Hexapoda] (hyönteiset; insects)

Note: This tree is from molecular phylogenetic study made by Winnepennickyx, Backeljau & Kristensen (1998). This doesn't agree with a study by Aguinaldo et al. (1997), although it too contains a clade made by priapulids and arthropods. Aguinaldo et al. also contains clade made by phoronids and brachiopods.

Several Protostome-phylums were apparently untreated, I have placed them here too, marked as unsure relationship. [ |?- ]

Reference(s):

Funch, P. & Kristensen, R. M., 1995: Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Endoprocta and Ectoprocta.
–Nature: Vol. 378, 14 December, pp. 711-714

Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company

Winnepennickyx, B. M. H., Backeljau, T. & Kristensen, R. M., 1998: Relationships of a new phylum Cycliophora.
–Nature: Vol. 393, 18 June, pp. 636-638