Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Metazoa – multicellural animals

After Peterson & Eernisse, 2001, and Adl et al., 2005

Alternative phylogeny after Zrzavý & Hypša, 2003

<==o Metazoa (monisoluiset eläimet; multicellural animals)
   |?- †Archaeocyatha Vologdin, 1937 [Cyathospongia Okulitch, 1935; Pleospongia Okulitch, 1935] [enigmatic Cambrian sponges?]
   |-- Porifera Grant, 1872 [Parazoa Sollas, 1884] (sienieläimet; sponges)
   `--+-- Trichoplax adhaerens von Schultze, 1883 [Phagocytellozoa: Placozoa Grell, 1971] (laakkoeläimet)
      `--+-- Rhombozoa Krohn, 1839 sensu Parker, 1982 [Planuloidea; Moruloidea; Mesozoa van Beneden, 1877 (in partim)] sensu Conway-Morris, 1993 (harvasoluiset 1)
         |-- Orthonectida Giard, 1880 [Mesozoa van Beneden, 1877 (in partim)] (harvasoluiset 2)
         `--+?- Salinella salve Frenzel, 1892 [Monoblastozoa] (salvaeläimet)
            `--o Animalia Linnaeus, 1758, emend. Adl et al., 2005 [Eumetazoa Bütschli, 1910]
               |?- †Ventogyrus Ivantsov & Grazhdankin, 1997
               |?- †Arkarua adami [a non-echinodermate Ediacaran organism]
               |?-o †Rangeomorpha [Vendobionta]
               |  |-- †Charnia
               |  |-- †Paracharnia
               |  |-- †Rangea
               |  `-- †Bomakellia kelleri Fedonkin 1985 [originally descripted as proto-arthropod]
               |-- Cnidaria Hatschek, 1888 [Cridaria (lapsus calami)] (polttiaiseläimet)
               `--+-- Bilateralia (kaksikylkis-symmetriset eläimet; bilaterally symmetric animals)
                  `--+?- †Fasciculida
                     `-- Ctenophora (kampamaneetit)

<==o Metazoa
   |?- †Archaeocyatha
   |-- Porifera
   `--o Animalia
      |--+-- Cnidaria
      |  `--+-- Trichoplax adhaerens
      |     `-- Ctenophora
      `--+--+--o Acoela
         |  |  |?- Xenoturbella bocki
         |  |  `--+-- Gnathostomulida
         |  |     `-- Platyhelmithes
         |  `--+-- Mesozoa
         |     `--+-- Polypodium
         |        `-- Myxozoa sensu Zrzavý & Hypša, 2003
         `--+?- Monoblastozoa
            `-- Bilateralia

Reference(s):

• Adl, S. M., Simpson, A. G. B., Farmer, M. A., Andersen, R. A., Anderson, O. R., Barta, J. R., Bowser, S. S., Brugerolle, G., Fensome, R. A., Fredericq, S., James, T. Y., Karpov, S., Kugrens, P., Krug, J., Lane, C. E., Lewis, L. A., Lodge, J., Lynn, D. H., Mann, D. G., McCourt, R. M., Mendoza, L., Moestrup, Ø., Mozley-Standridge, S. E., Nerad, T. A., Shearer, C. A., Smirnov, A. V., Spiegel, F. W. & Taylor, M. F. J. R., 2005: The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists.
  –Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology: Vol. 52, #5, pp. 399-451
• Conway Morris, S., 1993: The fossil record and early evolution of the Metazoa.
  –Nature, vol. 361, 21 January, pp. 219-225
• Davidson, E. H., Peterson,K. J. & Cameron, R. A., 1995: Origin of bilaterian body plans: Evolution of developmental regulatory mechanisms.
  –Science: Vol. 270, 24 November, pp. 1319-1325
• Hou, X. & Bergström, J., 1997: Arthropods of the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, southwest China.
  –Fossils & Strata, Number 45, 22nd December 1997, pp. 1-116
• –iNet: The Tree of Life
• Ivantsov, A. Y. & Fedonkin, M. A., 2003: Conulariid-like fossil from the Vendian of Russia: A metazoan clade across the Proterozoic/Palaeozoic boundary.
  –Palaeontology: Vol. 45, #6, pp. 1219-1229
• de Laubenfels, M. W., 1955: Part E – Archaeocyatha and Porifera – Porifera, E21-E122.
  in Moore, R. C., (eds.) 1955: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology.
  –Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Lawrence (Kansas), New York (NY), 1955, xviii-E122
• Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
  –McGrew-Hill Book Company
• Peterson, K. J. & Eernisse, D. J., 2001: Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences.
  –Evolution & Development: Vol. 3, #3, pp. 170-205