After Baker, Pereira & Paton, 2007, and Smith & Clarke, 2012, with Recent species from Peterson, 2002-2016, and Finnish vernacular names from Lokki, Jännes & Nikander, 1992
<==o Charadriiformes sensu Ericson, 1996 (shore-birds; rantalinnut) |--o Charadrii | |--+--o Burhinidae Mathews, 1912 (thick-knees; paksujalat) | | | |-- Esacus Lesson, 1831 | | | `-- Burhinus Illiger, 1811 (thick-knees; paksujalat) Mioc. NA. Plioc. NA. R. NA. Eu. As. Af. | | `--+-- Pluvianellus socialis G.R. Gray, 1846 [Pluvianellidae Jehl, 1975] (hopeakurmitsa) | | `--o Chionis J.R. Forster, 1788 [Chionididae Bonaparte, 1832] (tuppinokat) | | |-- C. albus (Gmelin, 1789) [G. alba] (keltatuppinokka) | | `-- C. minor Hartlaub, 1841 (mustatuppinokka) | `--+--o Charadriidae Vigors, 1825 | | |?- †Viator picis Campbell, 1979 | | |?- Belanopteryx Reichenbach, 1852 [Vanellus (Belanopteryx)] (amerikanhyypät) | | |--o Vanellinae Bonaparte, 1842 | | | |-- Vanellus Brisson, 1760 [Afribyx; Tylibyx; Parra; Stephanibyx; Hemiparra?; Hoploxypterus; Xiphidiopterus] (lapwings; hyypät) | | | `--+-- Erythrogonys cinctus Gould, 1838 [Charadrius cinctus (Gould, 1838)] (australiantylli) | | | `--+-- Peltohyas australis (Gould, 1841) Sharpe, 1896 (australiankurmitsa) | | | `-- Anarhynchus frontalis Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 [Charadrius frontalis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) sensu Holdaway et al., 2001] (kieronokkatylli) | | `--o Charadriinae Vigors, 1825 | | |-- Oreopholus Jardine & Selby, 1835 (suokurmitsat) | | `--+-- Phegornis mitchellii (Fraser, 1845) G.R. Gray, 1846 (andienkurmitsa) | | `--+-- Eudromias morinellus (Linnaeus, 1758) C.L. Brehm, 1830 (keräkurmitsa) | | `--+-- Charadrius Linnaeus, 1758 (plovers; tyllit) | | `--+-- Thinornis novaeseelandiae (Gmelin, 1789) G.R. Gray, 1845 [Charadrius novaeseelandiae sensu Holdaway et al., 2001] [incl. Thinornis rossii (nomen dubium)] (kolotylli) | | `-- Elseyornis melanops (Vieillot, 1818) Mathews, 1914 [Charadrius melanops] (mustaotsatylli) | `--+-- Pluvialis Brisson, 1760 (kurmitsat) | `--+--+-- Ibidorhyncha struthersii Vigors, 1832 [Ibidorhynchidae Bonaparte, 1856] (iibisnokka) | | `-- Haematopus Linnaeus, 1758 [Haematopodidae Bonaparte, 1838] (Oystercatcher's; meriharakat) | `--o Recurvirostridae Bonaparte, 1854 ( Stilts; avosetit) | |-- Recurvirostra Linnaeus, 1758 (avosetit) | `--+-- Cladorhynchus leucocephalus (Vieillot, 1816) GR Gray, 1840 (vyöpitkäjalka) | `-- Himantopus Brisson, 1760 (pitkäjalat) `--+--o Scolopaci Rafinesque, 1815 | |--o Scolopacidae Rafinesque, 1815 [incl. Phalaropodidae Bonaparte, 1831] | | |?- †Paractitis bardi | | |?- †Erolia melanotos | | |--+-- Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein, 1812) Lesson, 1831 (preeriakahlaaja) | | | `-- Numenius Brisson, 1760 (kuovit) | | `--+-- Limosa Brisson, 1760 (kuirit) | | `--+--+--+-- Lymnocryptes minimus (Brunnich, 1764) Boie, 1826 (jänkäkurppa) | | | | `-- Limnodromus Wied-Neuwied, 1833 (kurppelot) | | | `--+-- Scolopax Linnaeus, 1758 [incl.? Philohela] [Scolopacinae] (lehtokurpat) | | | `--o Gallinagoninae (snipes; kurpat) | | | |-- Coenocorypha G.R. Gray, 1855 (töpökurpat) | | | `-- Gallinago Brisson, 1760 [Capella] (kurpat) | | `--+--+-- Phalaropus Brisson, 1760 [incl. Steganopus Vieillot, 1819] [Phalaropodidae Bonaparte, 1831] (vesipääskyt) | | | `--o ?Tringinae (viklojensukuiset) | | | |?- Prosobonia Bonaparte, 1850 [Aechmorhynchus] (tuamotunsirrit; paumotonkuirit) | | | |-- Xenus cinerus (Guldenstadt, 1775) Kaup, 1829 [Tringa cinerea] (rantakurvi) | | | `--+-- Actitis Illiger, 1811 [sg.?=> Tringa] (rantasipit) | | | `--+-- Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Gmelin, 1789) Bonaparte, 1827 (preeriaviklo) | | | `--+-- Heteroscelus SF Baird, 1858 [sg.?=> Tringa] | | | `-- Tringa Linnaeus, 1758 [incl.? Totanus] (viklot) | | `--+-- Arenaria Brisson, 1760 [Arenariinae] (karikukot) | | `--o Calidridinae (sirrit) | | |--+-- Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot, 1819) Cabanis, 1857 (tundravikla) | | | `-- Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte, 1826) [Calidris himantopus] (pitkäkoipisirri) | | |--+-- Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus, 1758) Merrem, 1804 (suokukko) | | | `-- Limicola falcinellus (Pontoppidan, 1763) Koch, 1816 (jänkäsirriäinen) | | `--+-- Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (Linnaeus, 1758) Nilsson, 1821 (lusikkasirri) | | `--+-- Aphriza virgata (Gmelin, 1789) Audubon, 1839 (tyrskykahlaaja) | | `-- Calidris Merrem, 1804 [incl.? Ereunetes] (knots; sirrit) | `--+--+-- Pedionomus torquatus Gould, 1841 [Pedionomidae Bonaparte, 1852] (arojuoksijat; collared hemipodes) | | `--o Thinocoridae Gray, 1845 | | |-- Attagis I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Lesson, 1831 (isoylänköjuoksijat) | | `-- Thinocorus Eschscholtz, 1829 (pikkuylänköjuoksijat) | `--+--o Rostratulidae Ridgway, 1919 | | |-- Rostratula benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Vieillot, 1816 (keltakurppa) | | `-- Nycticryphes semicollaris (Vieillot, 1816) Wetmore & JL Peters, 1923 [Rostratula semicollaris Vieillot, 1816] (amerikankurppa) | `--+?- †Vanolimicola longihallucis Mayr, 2017 | `--o Jacanidae Stejneger, 1885 (jassanat) | |?- †Janipes nymphaeobates Rasmussen et al., 1987 | |?- †Nupharanassa Rasmussen et al., 1987 | |?- Metopidius indicus (Latham, 1790) Wagler, 1832 (pronssijassana) | |--+-- Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scopoli, 1786) Wagler, 1832 (kirurgijassana) | | `-- Jacana Brisson, 1760 (amerikanjassanat) | `--+-- Actophilornis Oberholster, 1925 (afrikanjassanat) | `--+-- Microparra capensis (A. Smith, 1839) Cabanis, 1877 (pikkujassana) | `-- Irediparra gallinacea (Temminck, 1828) Mathews, 1911 (lootusjassana) `--o Lari |--o Turnicidae (Gray, 1840) (buttonquails; lyhytjalkajuoksijat) | |-- Ortyxelos meiffrenii (Vieillot, 1819) Vieillot, 1825 (kurmitsajuoksija) | `-- Turnix Bonnaterre, 1791 (button quails; pyyjuoksijat) `--+-- Glareolidae `--+--+-- Alcidae | `--o Stercorariidae (skuas; kihut) | |--o Catharacta (great skuas; isokihut) | | |-- C. skua (Brunnich, 1764) (isokihu) | | |-- C. antarctica (Lesson, 1831 (etelänkihu) | | |-- †C. lonnbergi (Mathews, 1912) | | |-- C. chilensis Bonaparte, 1857) (chilenkihu) | | `-- C. maccormicki (H. Saunders, 1893) (etelämantereenkihu) | `--o Stercorarius Brisson, 1760 (skuas; kihut) | |-- †S. shufeldti | |-- S. pomarinus (Temminck, 1815) (leveäpyrstökihu) | |-- S. parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (merikihu) | `-- S. longicaudus Vieillot, 1816 (tunturikihu) `--+-- Anous `--+-- Gygis `--+--o Rynchopidae | `-- Rynchops `--+-- Laridae `-- Sternidae |?-o Turnicidae |--o Lari | |-- Laridae (gulls; lokit) | `?- Sternidae (terns; tiirat) |--+-- Dromas ardeola Paykull, 1805 [Dromadidae] (rapukurmitsa) |--o “Charadriida” | |-- Haematopus Linnaeus, 1758 [Haematopodidae] (meriharakat) | `--+?- | |--o Charadriidae Leach 1820 (kurmitsat) | | |?- †Viator picis Campbell, 1979 | | |?- Belanopteryx Reichenbach, 1852 [Vanellus (Belanopteryx)] (amerikanhyypät) | | |-- Vanellus Brisson, 1760 [Afribyx; Tylibyx; Parra; Stephanibyx; Hemiparra?; Hoploxypterus; Xiphidiopterus] (lapwings; hyypät) | | |-- Pluvialis Brisson, 1760 (kurmitsat) | | |--o Charadrius sensu lato? | | | |-- Thinornis novaeseelandiae (Gmelin, 1789) G.R. Gray, 1845 [Charadrius novaeseelandiae sensu Holdaway et al., 2001] [incl. Thinornis rossii (nomen dubium)] (kolotylli) | | | |-- Erythrogonys cinctus Gould, 1838 [Charadrius cinctus (Gould, 1838)] (australiantylli) | | | |-- Anarhynchus frontalis Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 [Charadrius frontalis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) sensu Holdaway et al., 2001] (kieronokkatylli) | | | |-- Phegornis mitchellii (Fraser, 1845) G.R. Gray, 1846 (andienkurmitsa) | | | |-- Peltohyas australis (Gould, 1841) Sharpe, 1896 (australiankurmitsa) | | | |-- Elseyornis melanops (Vieillot, 1818) Mathews, 1914 [Charadrius melanops] (mustaotsatylli) | | | `-- Charadrius Linnaeus, 1758 (plovers; tyllit) [30 Recent species] | | |-- Eudromias morinellus (Linnaeus, 1758) CL Brehm, 1830 (keräkurmitsa) | | `-- Oreopholus Jardine & Selby, 1835 (suokurmitsat) | `--+-- `--o “Scolopacida” `--+-- Glareolidae (Pratincoles; pääskykahlaajat) `--+-- Alcidae (ruokit) `--+--o Thinocoridae (ylänköjuoksijat) | |--o Attagis I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Lesson, 1831 (isoylänköjuoksijat) | | |-- A. gayi I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Lesson, 1831 (lumiylänköjuoksija) | | `-- A. malouinus (Boddaert, 1783) (etelänylänköjuoksija) | `--o Thinocorus Eschscholtz, 1829 (pikkuylänköjuoksijat) | |-- T. orbignyianus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Lesson, 1831 (pikkuylänköjuoksija) | `-- T. rumicivorus Eschscholtz, 1829 (kääpiöylänköjuoksija) `--+-- Scolopacidae (kurpat) `--+-- Pedionomus torquatus Gould, 1841 [Pedionomidae Bonaparte, 1852] (arojuoksijat; collared hemipodes) |--o Rostratulidae | |-- Rostratula benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Vieillot, 1816 (keltakurppa) | `-- Nycticryphes semicollaris (Vieillot, 1816) Wetmore & JL Peters, 1923 [Rostratula semicollaris Vieillot, 1816] (amerikankurppa) `--+?- †Vanolimicola longihallucis Mayr, 2017 `-- Jacanidae (jassanat)
After Smith & Clarke, 2012<==o Charadriiformes |-- Charadrii `--+-- Scolopaci `--o Lari |-- Rhinoptilus `--+-- Glareolidae `--+--+-- Stercorariidae | `--o Pan-Alcidae | |-- †Mancallinae | `-- Alcidae `--+-- Anous `--+-- Laridae `--+-- Rynchopidae `-- Sternidae Reference(s):
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After Baker, Pereira & Paton, 2007 (corrected 2008)<==o Charadriiformes |--o Charadrii | |--+-- Burhinidae | | `--+--o Chionididae | | | `-- Chionis | | `--o Pluvianellidae | | `-- Pluvianellus socialis | `--+--Pluvialis | `--+-- Charadriidae | `--+-- Recurvirostridae | `--+--o Ibidorhynchidae | | `-- Ibidorhyncha struthersii | `--o Haematopodidae | `-- Haematopus `--+--o Scolopaci | |-- Scolopacidae [incl. Phalaropus] | `--+--+--o Pedionomidae | | | `-- Pedionomus torquatus | | `-- Thinocoridae | `--+-- Rostratulidae | `-- Jacanidae (jassanat) `--+-- Turnicidae `--o Lari |-- Glareolidae `--+--+-- Alcidae | `-- Stercorariidae `--+-- Anous `--+-- Gygis `--+--o Rynchopidae | `-- Rynchops `--+-- Laridae `-- Sternidae Reference(s):
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After Van Tuinen, Waterhouse, & Dyke, 2004Note: Consensus tree based on Ericson et al. 2003, Paton et al. 2003, Thomas et al. 2004 (Van Tuinen et al., 2004) <==o Charadriiformes |?-o Phalaropodidae | `-- Phalaropus |--o Charadrii | |--+-- Burhinidae | | `--+--o Chionididae | | | `-- Chionis | | `--o Pluvianellidae | | `-- Pluvianellus socialis | `--+-- Charadriidae | `--+?-o Ibidorhynchidae | | `-- Ibidorhyncha struthersii | |-- Recurvirostridae | `--o Haematopodidae | `-- Haematopus `--+--+?- Turnicidae | `--+--+?-o Dromadidae | | | `-- Dromas ardeola | | `-- Glareolidae | `--+--+-- Alcidae | | `-- Stercorariidae | `--+--o Rynchopidae | | `-- Rynchops | |-- Laridae | `-- Sternidae `--+-- Scolopacidae `--+--+--o Pedionomidae | | `-- Pedionomus torquatus Gould, 1841 [ Bonaparte, 1852] (arojuoksijat; collared hemipodes) | `-- Thinocoridae `--+-- Rostratulidae `-- Jacanidae (jassanat) Reference(s):
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After Ericson, 1997<==o Charadriiformes |?-o Phalaropodidae | `-- Phalaropus |?- Turnicidae |-- Burhinidae `--+-- Laridae [incl.? Sternidae] |--+-- Stercorariidae | `--o Dromadidae | `-- Dromas ardeola |--o Charadrii | |--o Haematopodidae | | `-- Haematopus | `--+?-o Pluvianellidae | | `-- Pluvianellus socialis | |-- Charadriidae | `--+--o Ibidorhynchidae | | `-- Ibidorhyncha struthersii | `-- Recurvirostridae `--o Scolopaci |--o Rynchopidae | `-- Rynchops `--+--o Chionididae | `-- Chionis `--+-- Glareolidae `--+-- Alcidae `--+-- Thinocoridae `--+-- Scolopacidae `--+--o Pedionomidae | `-- Pedionomus torquatus |-- Rostratulidae `-- Jacanidae (jassanat) Reference(s):
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Reference(s):
- Baker, A. J., Pereira, S. L. & Paton, T. A., 2008: Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds - Erratum.
–Biology Letters: Vol. 4, #6, pp. 762-763 [doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606erratum] - Baker, A. J., Pereira, S. L. & Paton, T. A., 2007: Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds.
–Biology Letters: Vol. 3, #2, pp. 205-210 [doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606] - Ericson, P. G. P., 1997: Systematic relationships of the palaeogene family Presbyornithidae (Aves: Anseriformes).
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 121, #4, pp. 429-483 [doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01286.x] - Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1996: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996, x-420 - Lokki, J., Jännes, H. & Nikander, P. J., 1992: Otavan lintutieto.
–Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, pp. 1-440
Translated from: Perrins, C. M. (ed.), 1990: The Illustrated encyclopaedia of birds.
–Headline Book Publishing Plc., London, England, 1990 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Peterson, A. P., 2002-2017: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2004-12-24)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2016] - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111. - Smith, N. A. & Clarke, J. A., 2012: Endocranial Anatomy of the Charadriiformes: Sensory System Variation and the Evolution of Wing-Propelled Diving.
–Plos One: Vol. 7, #11, art.nr. e49584 [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049584] - Van Tuinen, M., Waterhouse, D. & J. Dyke, G., 2004: Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships.
–Journal of Avian Biology: Vol. 35, #3, pp. 191-194 [doi: 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03362.x]