After Chu, 1998, and Peterson, 2002-2004, with Finnish vernacular names from Lokki, Jännes & Nikander, 1992
<==o Laridae sensu Chu, 1998 (Lokit) |?- †Gaviota niobrara `--+-- Larus Linnaeus, 1758 (lokit) [35? Recent species] `--+--+-- Pagophila eburnea (Phipps, 1774) Kaup, 1829 (jäälokki) | `--+--+-- Xema sabini (Sabine, 1819) Leach, 1819 (tiiralokki) | | `-- Creagrus furcatus (Neboux, 1846) Bonaparte, 1854 (yölokki) | `--o Rissa Stephens, 1826 (kajavat) | |-- R. brevirostris (Bruch, 1853) (punajalkakajava) | `-- R. tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) (pikkukajava) `--+--o Hydrocoloeus (pikkulokit) | |-- H. minutus (Pallas, 1776) [Larus minutus] (pikkulokki) | `-- H. rosea (MacGillivray, 1824) [Rhodostethia rosea (MacGillivray, 1824) Macgillivray, 1842 ] (ruusulokki) `--o Chroicocephala [Larus] (naurulokit) [13 Recent species] |?- C. scopulinus (J.R. Forster, 1844) [Larus scopulinus J.R. Forster, 1844] (Red-billed Gull) |-- C. saundersi (Swinhoe, 1871) (kiinannaurulokki) `--+-- C. philadelphia (Ord, 1815) (kuusilokki) `--+-- C. serranus (Tschudi, 1844) (andienlokki) `--+--+-- C. genei (Breme, 1839) (kaitanokkalokki) | |?- †C. lacus | `-- C. ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766) (naurulokki) `--+-- C. maculipennis (Lichtenstein, 1823) (eteläamerikanlokki) `--+--+-- C. cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1818) (harmaapäälokki) [South America] | `--+-- C. brunnicephalus (Jerdon, 1840) (vuorilokki) | `-- C. cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1818) (harmaapäälokki) [Africa] `--+-- C. novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) (hopealokki) [Australia] `--+-- C. novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) (hopealokki) [New Zealand] `--+-- C. hartlaubii (Bruch, 1855) (King Gull) `-- C. bulleri Hutton, 1871 (uudenseelanninlokki)
Reference(s):
- Chu, P. C., 1998: A phylogeny of the Gulls (Aves: Larinae) inferred from osteological and integumentary characters.
–Cladistics: Vol. 14, #1, pp. 1-43 - Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1997: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996, x-420 - Lokki, J., Jännes, H. & Nikander, P. J., 1992: Otavan lintutieto.
–Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, pp. 1-440
Translated from: Perrins, C. M. (ed.), 1990: The Illustrated encyclopaedia of birds.
–Headline Book Publishing Plc., London, England, 1990 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Peterson, A. P., 2002-2004: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2004-12-24)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2005-01-21] - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111.