After Parker, 1982, and de Laubenfels, 1955
<==o Porifera Grant, 1872 [Parazoa Sollas, 1884] (sponges; sienieläimet) |?-o Sclerospongiae | |--o Stromatoporoida (stromaporoidit, kivisienet) | | |-- Astroscleridae | | `-- Calcifibrospongiidae | |--o Ceratoporellida | | |-- Ceratoporellidae | | |-- Tabulospongida | | `-- Acanthochaetetidae | `--o Merliida | `-- Merliidae |--o Silicispongea Schmidt, 1862 [Silicea Bowerbank, 1864] | |-- Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870 (lasisienet) | |--o Demospongiae Sollas, 1875, emend. Borchiellini et al., 2004 [Demospongea Sollas, 1875 sensu de Laubenfels, 1955] (sarveispiisienet) | | |?- †Demospongiae indet. [biochemical] [Cryo. SWAs.] (Love et al., 2009) | | |?-o Carnosida [not recognized by Parker, 1982] | | | `-- Halinidae | | |-- Tetractinomorpha | | `-- Ceractinomorpha | `--o Homoscleromorpha Lévi, 1973, emend. Borchiellini et al., 2004 | `--o Homosclerophorida | |-- Oscarellidae | `-- Plakinidae `-- Calcispongia Johnston, 1842 [Calcarea Bowerbank, 1864] (kalkkisienet)
Reference(s):
- Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - de Laubenfels, M. W., 1955: Part E – Archaeocyatha and Porifera – Porifera, E21-E122.
in Moore, R. C., (eds.) 1955: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology.
–Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Lawrence (Kansas), New York (NY), 1955, xviii-E122 - Love, G. D., Grosjean, E., Stalvies, C., Fike, D. A., Grotzinger, J. P., Bradley, A. S., Kelly, A. E., Bhatia, M., Meredith, W., Snape, C. E., Bowring, S. A., Condon, D. J. & Summons, R. E., 2009: Fossil steroids record the appearence of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period.
–Nature: Vol. 457, pp. 718-721 [doi: 10.1038/nature07673]