After Parker, 1982 and
Echinodermata (Spiny-skinned animals; piikkinahkaiset)
†Helicoplacoidea
†Homalozoa [Mitrata, Calcichordata]
†Blastoidea
†Cystoidea
†Diploporida
†Rhombifera
Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars; merilijat)
†Echmatocrinea
†Echmatocrinida
†Hemistreptocrinoidea
†Hemistreptocrinida
†Disparida
†Hypocrinida
†Camerata
†Diplobathrida Moore & Laudon, 1943b
†Monobathrida
†Cladida
†Cyathocrinina
†Flexibilia
†Taxocrinida
†Sagenocrinida
Articulata (modern sealilies; nykymerililjat)
†Uintacrinida
†Roveacrinida
Millericrinida [incl. Bourgueticrinida]
Cyrtocrinida
Isocrinida
Comatulida (feather stars; vaeltajamerilijat)
Eleutherozoa
†Edrioasteroidea
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers; merimakkarat)
Apodida
Elasipodida (deep-sea sea cucumbers)
Aspidochirotida (beche-de-mer, trepang, etc.)
Molpadiida (rat-tailed sea cucumbers)
Dentrochirotida (suspension-feeding sea cucumbers)
Dactylochirotida (plated sea cucumbers, in partim)
†Ophiocistioidea
Asterozoa
Concentricycloidea (sea daisies)
Asteroidea de Blainville, 1830 (sea stars and cushion stars; meritähdet)
Paxillosida [incl. Platyasterida]
Valvatida [incl. Spinulosida in partim]
Velatida [incl. Spinulosida in partim]
Spinulosida s. s.
Brisingida
Forcipulata
†Somasteroidea Spencer, 1951
†Eopentaroida Shackleton, 2005
Ophiuroidea (brittle-stars and basket-stars; käärmetähdet)
Oegophiurida
Phrynophiurida
Ophiurida
Echinozoa
†Edrioblastoidea
Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars; merisiilit)
Perischoechinoidea
Cidariida [Cidaroida]
Euechinoidea
Echinothuriida [Echinothurioida]
Diadematiida [Diadematoida]
Pediniida [Pedinoida]
Salenioida
Phymosomatoida
Arbacioida
Temnopleuroida
Echinoida
Gnathostomata
Holectypoida
Clypeasteroida
Atelostomata
Cassiduloida
Spatangoida
Reference(s):
- Anonymous, 1998: The CAS Echinoderm webpage.
–iNet: California Academy of Sciences: http://www.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/classify.htm [visited: 2002-5 October] - Conway Morris, S., 1993: The fossil record and early evolution of the Metazoa.
–Nature, vol. 361, 21 January, pp. 219-225 - Hess, H., Ausich, W. I., Brett, C. E. & Simms, M. J., (eds.) 1999: Fossil Crinoids.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1999, xv-275 - Wray, G. A., 1999: Echinodermata - Spiny-skinned animals: sea urchins, starfish, and their allies. (Updated: 1999-12-14)
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Echinodermata&contgroup=Animals; [visited: 2002-10-05] - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company