After Parker, 1982, CAS, 1998, and Shackleton, 2005
<==o Asterozoa (sea stars; meritähdet) |-- Asteroidea de Blainville, 1830 (sea stars and cushion stars; meritähdet) `--+--+-- †Phragmactis grayae Spencer, 1940 [Phragmactis grayae Spencer; Spencer & Wright, 1966, and Shackleton, 2005] | `--o †Somasteroidea Spencer, 1951 | |--o †Archegonasteridae Spencer, 1951 | | `-- †Archegonaster pentagonus Spencer, 1951; Jaekel, 1923 [taxonomic history] [Jaekel didn't assign type species] | `--o †Chinianasteridae Spencer, 1951 [Villebrunasteridae Fell, 1963a] | |-- †Villebrunaster thorali Spencer, 1951 [taxonomic history] | `--+-- †Chinianaster levyi Thoral, 1935 [taxonomic history] | `--+-- †Thoralaster spiculiformis Shackleton, 2005 [taxonomic history] | `-- †Ophioxenikos langenheimi Blake & Guensburg, 1993 `--+--o †Eopentaroida Shackleton, 2005 | |-- †Stuartzaster marstoni (Salter, 1857) Etheridge, 1899 [taxonomic history] [paraphyletic Rhopalocomidae Spencer & Wright, 1966] | `--+-- †Rhopalocoma pyrotechnica Salter, 1857 [taxonomic history] [paraphyletic Rhopalocomidae Spencer & Wright, 1966] | `--o †Palasterina McCoy, 1851 [Palasterinidae Gregory, 1899] | |-- †P. primaevus (Forbes, 1848) [taxonomic history] | `-- †P. antiqua (Hisinger, 1837) [taxonomic history] `--+-- †Tribuloaster grayae Shackleton, 2005 [paraphyletic Rhopalocomidae Spencer & Wright, 1966] `--+-- †Arcophiactis grayae Spencer, 1927 [paraphyletic Rhopalocomidae Spencer & Wright, 1966] `-- Ophiuroidea Gray, 1840 (brittle-stars and basket-stars; käärmetähdet)
Reference(s):
- California Academy of Sciences, 1998-: The CAS Echinoderm webpage.
–iNet: http://www.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/classify.htm - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Shackleton, J. D., 2005: Skeletal homologies, phylogeny and classification of the earliest Asterozoan echinoderms.
–Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 3, #1, pp. 29-114