After Parker, 1982, Blake, 1987 (from Knott, 2004), “the CAS Echinoderm webpage”, 1998, and Shackleton, 2005, with species from the “Paleobiology Database” and the “World Register of Marine Species”:
<==o Asteroidea de Blainville, 1830 (starfishes; meritähdet) |--o †Petraster Billings, 1858 | `-- †P. kinahani (Baily, 1878) `--+--o †Promopalaeaster Schuchert, 1914 [Promopalaeasteridae Schuchert, 1914] | |-- †P. elizae (Spencer, 1914) | |-- †P. wilsoni Schuchert, 1915 | `-- †P. wykoffi Miller & Gurley `--+--+-- †Stibaraster ratcliffei Blake & Guensburg, 1993 | `-- †Palasteriscidae Gregory, 1900 [incl. Urasterellidae Schuchert, 1914] `--+--+-- †Hudsonasteridae Schuchert, 1914 | `--o †Schuchertia Gregory, 1899 | |-- †S. junori | |-- †S. laxata | |-- †S. macrarta | |-- †S. ordinaria | |-- †S. stellata (Billings, 1857) [Palasterina stellata] | `-- †S. wenlocki `?-o Ambuloasteroidea Blake & Hagdorn, 2003 |--o †Calliasterellidae Schöndorf, 1910 | |--o †Calliasterella Schuchert, 1914 | | |-- †C. americana Kesling & Strimple, 1966 | | `-- †C. mira (Trautschold, 1879) | |-- †Silicaster esseri Kesling, 1969 | `--o †Arthrasterinae Spencer, 1918 | `--o †Arthraster Forbes, 1848 | |-- †A. cristatus Spencer, 1907 | |-- †A. dixoni Forbes, 1848 | `-- †A. spenceri Mercier, 1935 `--+-- †Compasteridae `--o Neoasteroidea Gale, 1987 |--o Forcipulatacea Blake, 1987 | |--o Paulasterias Mah, Linse, Copley, Marsh, Rogers, Clague & Foltz, 2015 [Paulasteriidae Mah, Linse, Copley, Marsh, Rogers, Clague & Foltz, 2015] | | |-- P. mcclaini Mah, Linse, Copley, Marsh, Rogers, Clague & Foltz, 2015 | | `-- P. tyleri Mah, Linse, Copley, Marsh, Rogers, Clague & Foltz, 2015 | |--o †Trichasteropsida Blake, 1987 | | |?- †Terminaster Hess, 1974 [treated as Zoroasterid elsewhere] | | `--o †Trichasteropsiidae Blake & Hagdorn 2003 | | |-- †Berckhemeraster charistikos Blake & Hagdorn, 2003 | | `--o †Trichasteropsis Eck, 1879 | | |-- †T. bielertorum Blake & Hagdorn, 2003 | | |-- †T. senfti Eck, 1879 | | `-- †T. weissmanni (von Münster, 1843) | `==o Forcipulatida Perrier, 1884 | |== “Pedicellasteridae” Perrier, 1884 | |?- Pycnopodiidae Fisher, 1928 | |-- Zoroasteridae Sladen, 1889 | `--+--+--+--o Ampheraster -group [paraphyletic “Pedicellasteridae”] | | | | `-- Ampheraster Fisher, 1923 | | | `-- Stichasteridae Perrier 1885 [Neomorphasteridae Fisher, 1923] | | `--+-- Heliasteridae Viguier, 1878 [Labidiasteridae Verrill, 1914] | | `-- “6-rayed pedicellasterids” | `--+-- Asteriidae Gray, 1840 | `--o Brisingida Fisher, 1928 [Euclasteroidea Tortonese, 1958] | |-- Brisingidae G.O. Sars, 1875 | `-- Freyellidae Downey, 1986 `--+--o Valvatacea | |--o Paxillosida [incl. Platyasterida] | | |?- Platysterias latiradiata [Platyasterida: Platysteridae] | | |-- Astropectinidae [25 genera] | | |--o Ctenodiscus [Ctenodiscididae] | | | |-- C. australis | | | |-- C. caudatus | | | |-- C. crispinus | | | |-- C. orientalis | | | `-- C. procurator | | |-- Goniopectinidae [3 genera] | | |--o Luidia [Luidiidae] [Platyasterida] | | | `-- L. superba | | |-- Radiaster [4 species] [Radiasteridae] [has been treated as a Valvatid (Parker, 1982)] | | `-- Porcellanasteridae [11 genera] | `--+--o Notomyotida [Paxillosida in partim] | | `-- Benthopectinidae [12 genera] | `-- Valvatida [incl. Spinulosida in partim] `--o Spinulosacea |--o Spinulosida [incl.? Concentricycloidea] | |?- Pythonasteridae [not recognized by CAS (1998)] | |?- Valvasteridae [not recognized by CAS (1998)] | |?- Metrodiridae [not recognized by CAS (1998)] | `--o Echinasteridae | |-- Henricia | `-- Echinaster `--o Velatida [incl. Spinulosida in partim] |-- Caymanostellidae |-- Korethrasteridae |--o Myxasteridae | `-- Myxaster |--o Pterasteridae | |-- Pteraster | |-- Hymenodiscus | |-- Diplopteraster | `-- Retaster `--o Solasteridae |-- Lophaster |-- Heterozonias |-- Solaster `-- Seriaster
After Mah & Blake, 2012<==o Asteroidea `--o Neoasteroidea |--o Velatida | |-- Korethrasteridae | `--+== “Pterasteridae” | `-- Myxasteridae |-- Xyloplax [Xyloplacidae] |--o Forcipulatacea | |-- †Trichasteropsida | `==o Forcipulatida | |?- Labidiasteridae | |?- Neomorphasteridae | |== “Pedicellasteridae” | |-- Zoroasteridae | `--+--+--+-- Stichasteridae | | | `-- Ampheraster -group | | `--+-- Heliasteridae | | `-- “6-rayed pedicellasterids” | `--+-- Asteriidae | `--o Brisingida | |-- Brisingidae | `-- Freyellidae |-- Spinulosida: Echinasteridae `==o Valvatida |--+== “Ophidiasteridae” | `-- Mithrodiidae |-- Velatida: Caymanostellidae `--+-- Poraniidae `--+--o Paxillosida | |-- Porcellanasteridae | |--+== “Astropectinidae” | | `-- Luidiidae | `--+--+-- Ctenodiscididae | | `-- Goniopectinidae | `--+-- Benthopectinidae | `-- Pseudarchasteridae |-- Radiasteridae `--+--+-- Odontasteridae | `-- Chaetasteridae `--+-- Podosphaerasteridae |-- Asterodiscidae |-- Goniasteridae `--+--+-- Oreasteridae | |-- Asteropsidae | |-- Archasteridae | `-- Acanthasteridae `==o “Asterinidae” |--+-- Solasteridae | `-- “Asterinidae” `--+-- Ganerriidae `-- “Asterinidae” Reference(s):
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Reference(s):
- Anonymous, 1998: The CAS Echinoderm webpage.
–iNet: California Academy of Sciences: http://www.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/classify.htm [visited: 2002-10-05] - Blake, D. B., 1987: A classification and phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata).
–Journal Of Natural History: Vol. 21, #2, pp. 481-528 [doi: 10.1080/00222938700771141] - Botting, J. P., 2003: Llanvirn (Middle Ordovician) echinoderms from Llandegley rocks, central Wales.
–Palaeontology: Vol. 46, #4, pp. 685-708 - Knott, E., 2004: Asteroidea – Sea stars and starfishes. (Updated: 2004-10-07)
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Asteroidea&contgroup=Echinodermata [visited: 2004-12-15] - Mah, C. L., 2015: Brisingida (last updated: 2011-10-20)
in Mah, C. L., 2015: World Asteroidea database.
–World Register of Marine Species: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=123085 [visited: 2015-10-05] - Mah, C. L., 2015: Forcipulatida (last updated: 2011-10-20)
in Mah, C. L., 2015: World Asteroidea database.
–World Register of Marine Species: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=123086 [visited: 2015-10-05] - Mah, C. L. & Blake, D. B., 2012: Global Diversity and Phylogeny of the Asteroidea (Echinodermata).
–Plos One: Vol. 7, #4, e35644 (1-22) [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035644] - Mah, C. & Foltz, D., 2011: Molecular phylogeny of the Forcipulatacea (Asteroidea: Echinodermata): systematics and biogeography.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 162, #3, pp. 646-660 [doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00688.x] - Mah, C., Linse, K., Copley, J., Marsh, L., Rogers, A., Clague, D. & Foltz, D., 2015: Description of a new family, new genus, and two new species of deep-sea Forcipulatacea (Asteroidea), including the first known sea star from hydrothermal vent habitats.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 174, #1, pp. 93-113 [doi: 10.1111/zoj.12229] - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Shackleton, J. D., 2005: Skeletal homologies, phylogeny and classification of the earliest Asterozoan echinoderms.
–Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 3, #1, pp. 29-114