After Parker, 1982, Kerr, 2000 [“The Tree of Life Project”], and Kerr & Kim, 2001
<==o Holothuroidea de Blainville, 1834 (Sea cucumbers; merimakkarat) |?- Gephyrothuriidae Koehler & Vaney, 1905 [has been treated as Molpadiid (Parker, 1982, Kerr & Kim, 2001)] |?- Eupyrgidae Deichmann, 1940 [has been treated as Molpadiid (Parker, 1982, Kerr & Kim, 2001)] |--o †Arthrochirotida Seilacher, 1961 | `-- †Palaeocucumaria hunsrueckiana Lehmann, 1958 |--o Apodida Brandt, 1835 [paraphyletic Apodacea] | |-- Synaptidae Burmeister, 1837 | |-- Chiridotidae Östergren, 1898 | `-- Myriotrochidae Théel, 1877 `--+--o Elasipodida Théel, 1882 (deep-sea sea cucumbers) [paraphyletic Aspidochirotacea] | |-- Pelagothuriidae Ludwig, 1894 | `--+-- Psychropotidae Théel, 1882 | `--+-- Elpidiidae Théel, 1879 | |-- Deimatidae Ekman, 1926 | `-- Laetmogonidae Ekamn, 1926 `--o Aspidochirotida Grube, 1840 (beche-de-mer, trepang, etc.) [paraphyletic] |-- Synallactidae Ludwig, 1894 |--+-- Stichopodidae Haeckel, 1896 | `-- Holothuriidae Ludwig, 1894 `--+--o Molpadiida Haeckel, 1896 (rat-tailed sea cucumbers) [paraphyletic Apodacea] | |-- Molpadiidae J.F. Müller, 1850 | `-- Caudinidae Heding, 1931 `--o Dendrochirotacea [paraphyletic Dentrochirotida Grube, 1840] (suspension-feeding sea cucumbers) |-- Phyllophoridae Östergren, 1907 |-- Sclerodactylidae Panning, 1949 |-- Cucumariidae Ludwig, 1894 `--+-- Placothuriidae Pawson & Fell, 1965 |-- Paracucumidae Pawson & Fell, 1965 |-- Heterothyonidae Pawson, 1970 `--+-- Psolidae R. Perrier, 1902 `--o Dactylochirotida Pawson & Fell, 1965 (plated sea cucumbers, in partim) |-- Ypsilothuriidae Heding, 1942 |-- Vaneyellidae Pawson & Fell, 1965 `-- Rhopalodinidae R. Perrier, 1902
Reference(s):
- Kerr, A. M., 2000: Holothuroidea - Sea cucumbers. (Updated: 2000)
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Holothuroidea&contgroup=Echinodermata; [visited: 2002-10-05] - Kerr, A. M. & Kim, J., 2001: Phylogeny of Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) inferred from morphology.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 133, pp. 63-81 - Anonymous, 1998: The CAS Echinoderm webpage.
–iNet: California Academy of Sciences: http://www.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/classify.htm [visited: 2002-5 October] - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company