After Tsuji & Müller, 2009
<==o †Parareptilia Olson, 1947 sensu Tsuji & Müller, 2009 [Anapsida Osborn, 1903 (paraphyletic); Proganosauria; ] (anapsids, parareptiles; ohimoaukottomat amniootit, parareptiilit) |?- †Microleter mckinzieorum Tsuji, Müller & Reisz, 2010 |--o †Mesosauridae Baur, 1889 | |-- †Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis Shikama & Ozaki, 1966 | `--+-- †Stereosternum tumidum Cope, 1886 | `--o †Mesosaurus [Ditrichosaurus Gurich, 1889; Noteosaurus africanus Broom, 1913, Notosaurus] | |-- †M. tenuidens Gervais, 1864-66 [Noteosaurus africanus Broom, 1913; Notosaurus; Ditrochosaurus capensis Gurich, 1889; Mesosaurus capensis (Gurich, 1889)] | `-- †M. brasiliensis McGregor, 1908 [jr. synon. to M. tenuidens??] `--o Parareptilia Olson, 1947 sensu deBraga & Reisz, 1996 |?- †Kinelia broomi Bulatov, 2002 |--+-- †Eunotosaurus africanus Seeley, 1892 sensu Modesto, 2000 | `?- Testudinata Klein, in Behn, 1760 sensu Lyson, Bever, Bhullar, Joyce & Gauthier, 2010, and Lyson, Bever, Scheyer, Hsiang & Gauthier, 2013 (turtles & tortoises) |--o †Millerettidae Watson, 1957 [Millerosauria, Millerosauroidea] | |?- †Heleophilus Broom, 1909 | |?- †Milleretoides acutirostris Broom, 1941 | |?- †Nanomilleretta kitchingi Broom & Robinson, 1948 | |-- †Milleretta rubidgei Broom, 1938 [Millerina rubidgei Broom, 1938; Millerettoides platyceps Broom, 1948; Millerettops kitchingi Broom, 1948] | `--+-- †Broomia perplexa Watson, 1914 | `--+-- †Millerosaurus ornatus Broom, 1948 | `--+-- †Milleropsis pricei (Watson, 1957) Gow, 1972 [Millerosaurus pricei] [=? Millerosaurus pricei] | `--o †Millerosaurus Broom, 1948 | |-- †M. nuffieldi Broom, 1948 | `-- †M. ornatus Broom, 1948 `--o †Ankyramorpha deBraga & Reitz, 1996 sensu Tsuji & Müller, 2009 |--o †Lanthanosuchoidea Efremov, 1946 sensu Debraga & Reisz, 1996 | `==o †“Lanthanosuchidae” Efremov, 1946 [paraphyletic ( Tsuji & Müller, 2009)] | |-- †Lanthaniscus efremovi Ivakhnenko, 1980 | |-- †Lanthanosuchus watsoni Efremov, 1946 | |-- †Chalcosaurus rossicus v. Meyer, 1866 | `--o †Acleistorhinidae Daly, 1969 | |-- †Colobomycter pholeter Vaughn, 1958 | `-- †Acleistorhinus pteronicus Daly, 1969 `--+--o †Nyctiphruretia Efremov, 1938 sensu Lee, 1993 [paraphyletic?] | |?- †Tokosaurus perforatus Tverdochlebova & Ivachnenko, 1984 | `--o †Nyctiphruretidae Efremov, 1938 | |?-†Nyctiboetus liteus Chudinov 1955 [a nyctiphruretid according to Paleobiology Database] | |-- †Abyssomedon williamsi MacDougall & Reisz, 2014 | `--o †Nyctiphruretus Efremov, 1938 | |-- †N. acudens Efremov, 1938 [N. acrudens (lapsus calami)] | |-- †N. ineptus (=? Nycteroleter ineptus Efremov, 1938) | `-- †N. optabilis Bulatov, 2002 |--o †Bolosauria Kuhn, 1959 [non Cope, 1878] sensu Modesto, Scott, MacDougall, Sues, Evans & Reisz, 2015 | |-- †Erpetonyx arsenaultorum Modesto, Scott, MacDougall, Sues, Evans & Reisz, 2015 | `--o †Bolosauridae Cope, 1878 sensu Berman et al., 2000 | |?- †Bolosauridae genera et species indet. [China] | |--o †Bolosaurus Cope, 1878; L. Perm. NA. | | |?- †B. rapidens | | |-- †B. striatus Cope, 1878 | | |-- †B. major Broom, 1913 | | |-- †B. traati Tatarinov, 1974 | | `-- †B. grandis Reisz, Barkas & Scott, 2002 | |-- †Eudibamus cursoris Berman, Reisz, Scott, Henrici, Sumida & Martens, 2000; L. Perm. CEu. | `--o †Belebay Ivakhnenko, 1973; U.Perm. EEu. | |-- †B. vegrandis Ivakhnenko, 1973 | |-- †B. maximi Tverdokhlebova, 1987 | |-- †B. chengi Müller, Li & Reisz, 2008 | `-- †B. augustodunensis Falconnet 2012 `-- †Procolophonomorpha Romer, 1964 sensu Lee, 1995
After Modesto, Scott, MacDougall, Sues, Evans & Reisz, 2015<==o Parareptilia |-- †Mesosauridae `--+--o †Millerosauria | |-- †Eunotosaurus | `-- †Millerettidae `--+--o †Bolosauria | |-- †Erpetonyx | `-- †Bolosauridae `--+-- †Australothyris `--+-- †Lanthanosuchia `--+-- †Microleter `--+-- †Nyctiphruretidae `--+-- †Procolophonidae `-- †Pareiasauromorpha |
After Bever, Lyson, Field & Bhullar, 2015<==o Parareptilia |--+--+-- †Microleter | | `-- †Australothyris | `--+-- †Mesosauridae | `--o †Bolosauridae | |-- †Eudibamus | `-- †Belebay `--+-- †Millerettidae `--o Procolophonomorpha |--+-- †Delorhynchus | `--+-- †Acleistorhinus | `--+-- †Colobomycter | `-- †Feeserpeton `--+-- †Lanthanosuchus `--+-- †Nyctiphruretus `--+-- †Rhipaeosaurus `--+-- †Macroleter |--+-- †Emeroleter | `--+-- †“Bashkyroleter” mesensis | `--+-- †Nycteroleter | `-- †Bashkyroleter `--+-- †Procolophonoidea `-- †Pareiasauria Reference(s):
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After Lyson, Bever, Bhullar, Joyce & Gauthier, 2010<==o Anapsida |-- †Mesosauridae `--o Parareptilia |-- †Millerettidae `--+--o †Lanthanosuchoidea | |-- †Acleistorhinus | `-- †Lanthanosuchus `--+--o Pan-Testudines | |-- †Eunotosaurus | `-- Testudinata `--+-- †Nyctiphruretus `--+--+-- †Bolosauridae | `-- †Procolophonoidea `--+-- †Nycteroleteridae `-- †Pareiasauria |
After Modesto, Scott & Reisz, 2009<==o Parareptilia |-- †Mesosauridae `--+-- †Millerosauria `--o †Procolophonomorpha |-- †Australothyris `--o †Ankyramorpha |-- †Lanthanosuchoidea `--+-- †Bolosauridae `--+-- †Nyctiphruretus `-- †Procolophonia |
After Berman et al., 2000, Lee, 1993, 1996, and Modesto 1999, 2000<==o Anapsida |-- †Mesosauridae `--o Parareptilia |-- †Millerettidae `--+-- †Bolosauridae `--+-- †Eunotosaurus sensu Modesto, 2000 `--o Procolophonomorpha |?- †Australothyris `--+-- †Procolophonoidea `--+-- †Nycteroleteridae `-- †Pareiasauria |
After Tsuji & Müller, 2009<==o †Parareptilia |--o †Mesosauridae | |-- †Brazilosaurus | |-- †Stereosternum | `-- †Mesosaurus `--+-- †Eunotosaurus africanus |--o †Millerettidae | |?- †Heleophilus | |?- †Milleretoides | |?- †Nanomilleretta | |-- †Milleretta | `--+-- †Broomia | `--+-- †Millerosaurus | `--+-- †Milleropsis | `-- †Millerosaurus `--o †Ankyramorpha |--o †Lanthanosuchoidea | `==o †“Lanthanosuchidae” | |-- †Lanthaniscus | |-- †Lanthanosuchus | |-- †Chalcosaurus | `--o †Acleistorhinidae | |-- †Colobomycter | `-- †Acleistorhinus `--+--o †Nyctiphruretia | |?- †Tokosaurus | `--o †Nyctiphruretidae | |?-†Nyctiboetus | |-- †Abyssomedon | `-- †Nyctiphruretus |--o †Bolosauria | |-- †Erpetonyx | `--o †Bolosauridae | |-- †Bolosaurus | |-- †Eudibamus | `-- †Belebay `-- †Procolophonomorpha |
Reference(s):
- Berman, D. S., Reisz, R. R., Scott, D., Henrici, A. C., Sumida, S. S. & Martens, T. 2000: Early Permian bipedal reptile.
–Science: vol. 290, 3 November, pp. 969-972 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - deBraga, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1996: The Early Permian reptile Acleistorhinus pteroticus and its phylogenetic position.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #3, pp. 384-395 - Falconnet, J., 2012: First evidence of a bolosaurid parareptile in France (latest Carboniferous-earliest Permian of the Autun basin) and the spatiotemporal distribution of the Bolosauridae.
–Bulletin de la Société Geologique de France: Vol. 183, #6, pp. 495-508 [doi: 10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.495] - Laurin, M., Gauthier, J. A. & Hedges, S. B., 1996-1997: Amniota - Mammals and reptiles.
–iNet: The Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/amniota/amniota.htm - Laurin, M., & Gauthier, J. A., 1996-2000: Phylogeny and Classification of Amniotes.
–iNet: The Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/amniote_lichen/Amniote_phylogeny.htm - Lee, M. S. Y., 1996: Correlated progression and the origin of turtles.
–Nature: Vol. 379, 29 February, pp. 812-815 - Lee, M. S. Y., 1993: The origin of the turtle body plan: Bridging a famous morphological gap.
–Science: Vol. 261, 24 September, 1716-1720 - Modesto, S. P., 1999: Observations on the structure of the Early Permian reptile Staurosternon tuditum Cope.
–Paleontologica Africana: Vol. 35, pp. 7-19 - Modesto, S. P., 2000: Eunotosaurus africanus and the Gondwanan ancestery of anapsid reptiles.
–Paleontologica Africana: Vol. 36, pp. 15-20 - Modesto, S. P., Scott, D. M. & Reisz, R. R., 2009: A new parareptile with temporal fenestration from the Middle Permian of South Africa.
–Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences: Vol. 46, #1, pp. 9-20 [doi: 10.1139/E09-001] - Müller, J., Li, J.-L. & Reisz, R., 2008: A new bolosaurid parareptile, Belebey chengi sp. nov., from the Middle Permian of China and its paleogeographic significance.
–Naturwissenschaften: Vol. 95, #12, pp. 1169-1174 [doi: 10.1007/s00114-008-0438-0] - Reisz, R. R., Barkas, V. & Scott, D., 2002: A new Early Permian bolosaurid reptile from the Richards Spur Dolese Brothers quarry, near Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #1, pp. 23-28 - Ruta, M., Cisneros, J. C., Liebrecht, T., Tsuji, L. A. & Müller, J., 2011: Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction.
–Palaeontology: Vol. 54, #5, pp. (1117-1137) [doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x] - Tsuji, L. A., Müller, J. & Reisz, R. R., 2010: Microleter mckinzieorum gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma: the basalmost parareptile from Laurasia.
–Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 8, #2, pp. (245-255) [doi: 10.1080/14772010903461099]