After Meylan & Ganko, 1988 [from Meylan & Ganko, 1997, and Meylan, 2001] and Anquetin, Barrett, Jones, Moore-Fay & Evans, 2009 (fig. 3d)
<==o Chelonia Macartney, 1802 (turtles; kilpikonnat) [alternative phylogenetic position after Rieppel & deBraga, 1996] |-- †Pappochelys rosinae Schoch & Sues, 2015; M.Trias. CEu. `--+-- †Eorhynchochelys sinensis Li, Fraser, Rieppel & Wu, 2018; L.Trias. SAs. `--+-- †Odontochelys semitestacea Li, Wu, Rieppel, Wang & Zhao, 2008; L.Trias. SAs. `--+-- †Australochelys africanus Gaffney & Kitching, 1994 [Australochelidae sensu Lee, 1997] `--o Rhaptochelydia Gaffney & Kitching, 1994 [Testudines Linnaeus, 1758 [non Batsch, 1788] sensu Lee, 1996] |-- †Chinlechelys tenertesta Joyce, Lucas, Scheyer, Heckert & Hunt, 2009; L.Trias. WNAm. |-- †Proganochelys quenstedtii Baur, 1887; L.Trias. CEu. [Chelytherium; Psammochelys; Stegochelys; Triassochelys] [Proganochelydia: Proganochelyidae] |?-o †Proterochersidae Nopcsa, 1923a sensu Szczygielski & Sulej, 2016 | |-- †Keuperotesta limendorsa Szczygielski & Sulej, 2016 | `--o †Proterochersis Fraas, 1913 [Murrhardtia Karl & Tichy, 2000] | |-- †P. robusta Fraas, 1913 [Proterochersis intermedia Fraas, 1913; Murrhardtia staeschei Karl & Tichy, 2000] | `-- †P. porebensis Szczygielski & Sulej, 2016 `--+?- †Palaeochersis talampayensis Rougier, de la Fuente & Arcucci, 1995; L.Trias. SAm. |?- †Condorchelys antiqua Sterli, 2008; M.Jur., SSAm. |?-+-- †Eileanchelys waldmanni Anquetin, Barrett, Jones, Moore-Fay & Evans, 2009; M.Jur. WEu. | `-- †Hackerochelys romani `--o Casichelyidia Gaffney, 1975 [Testudinata Klein, in Behn, 1760 (non Linnaeus, 1758) sensu Lee, 1997; Testudines Treviranus, 1802] (recent turtles; nykykilpikonnat) |-- Pleurodira Cope, 1864 (fide Gaffney & Maylan, 1988) [Pan-Pleurodira Joyce, Parham & Gauthier, 2004] (side-necked turtles; sivutaivuttajat) `-- Cryptodira Dumeril & Bibron, 1835 [non Cope, 1871] [Pan-Cryptodira Joyce, Parham & Gauthier, 2004; Cryptodiramorpha Lee, 1995 sensu Parham & Hutchison, 2003] (cryptodires; pystytaivuttajat)
Testudinata incertae sedis:
†Chitracephalus dumonii Dollo, 1884
†Neusticemys neuquina Fernandez & de la Fuente,, 1988
†Scutemys appalanata Wiman, 1930 [Scutemys tecta Wiman, 1930]
†Tacuarembemys kusterae Perea, Soto, Sterli, Mesa, Toriño, Roland, & Da Silva, 2014
†Chelycarapookidae Warren, 1969
†Chelycarapookus arcuatus Warren, 1969
Alternative phylogenies of basal turtles:
After Szczygielski & Sulej, 2016<==o Testudinata |-- †Odontochelys `--+--o †Proterochersidae | |-- †Keuperotesta | `-- †Proterochersis `--+-- †Proganochelys `--+-- †Australochelys `--+-- †Palaeochersis `--+-- †Kayentachelys `-- “Post-Early Jurassic turtles” Reference(s):
|
After Rabi, Zhou, Wings, Ge & Joyce, 2013<==o Testudinata |-- †Odontochelys `--+-- †Proganochelys `--+--+-- †Australochelys | `-- †Palaeochersis `--+-- †Proterochersis `--+-- †Indochelys |-- †Condorchelys |-- †Kayentachelys `--+-- †Heckerochelys `--+-- †Eileanchelys `--+-- †Meiolaniformes `--+-- †Changyuchelys `--+-- †Paracryptodira `--+-- †Xinjiangchelys `--+-- †Basilochelys `--+-- †Sinemys `--+-- †Ordosemys `--+-- †Dracochelys `--+-- Judithemys |-- Hangaiemys `--o Testudines |-- Pleurodira `-- Cryptodira s.s. Reference(s):
|
After Joyce, Lucas, Scheyer, Heckert & Hunt, 2009 (fig. 3)<==o Testudinata |-- †Chinlechelys |-- †Proganochelys `--+-- †Palaeochersis |-- †Australochelys `--+-- †Proterochersis `--+-- †Kayentachelys `--+-- †Mongolochelys `--o Testudines |-- Pleurodira `-- Cryptodira |
After Anquetin, Barrett, Jones, Moore-Fay & Evans, 2009 (fig. 3d)<==o Testudinata |-- †Proganochelys `--+-- †Palaeochersis `--+-- †Australochelys `--+-- †Proterochersis `--+-- †Kayentachelys `--+?- †Condorchelys antiqua |--+-- †Eileanchelys | `-- †Heckerochelys `--+--+-- †Mongolochelys | `-- †Meiolania `--+-- †Kallokibotion `--o Testudines |-- Pleurodira `-- Cryptodira |
After Li, Wu, Rieppel, Wang & Zhao, 2008<==o Testudinata |-- †Odontochelys `--+-- †Proganochelys `--+-- †Palaeochersis |-- †Proterochersis `--o Testudines |-- Pleurodira `-- Cryptodira |
After Sterli, 2008<==o Testudinata |-- †Proganochelys [Proganchelys Sterli, 2008 (lapsus calami)] `--+--+-- †Palaeochersis | `-- †Australochelys `--+-- †Proterochersis `--+-- †Kayentachelys |-- †Condorchelys |-- †Indochelys `--+-- †Heckerochelys `--+--+-- †Mongolochelys | `-- †Meiolania `--+-- †Kallokibotion `--o Testudines |-- Pleurodira `-- Cryptodira |
After Rougier, de la Fuente & Arcucci, 1995<==o Testudines |-- †Proganochelys `--+--o †Australochelidae | |-- †Palaeochersis | `-- †Australochelys `--o Rhaptochelydia |-- †Proterochersis `--o Casichelyidia |-- Pleurodira `--o Cryptodira |-- †Kayentachelys `-- Selmacryptodira |
After Gaffney & Kitching, 1994(?)<==o Chelonia |--o †Australochelidae | `-- †Australochelys `--o Rhaptochelydia |--o †Proganochelydia | `--o †Proganochelyidae | `-- †Proganochelys `--o Casichelyidia |-- Pleurodira `-- Cryptodira |
Reference(s):
- Anquetin, J., Barrett, P. M., Jones, M. E. H., Moore-Fay, S. & Evans, S. E., 2009: A new stem turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland: new insights into the evolution and palaeoecology of basal turtles.
–Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological series: Vol. 276, pp. 879-886 [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1429] - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Joyce, W. G., Lucas, S. G., Scheyer, T. M., Heckert, A. B. & Hunt, A. P., 2009: A thin-shelled reptile from the Late Triassic of North America and the origin of the turtle shell.
–Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological series: Vol. 276, pp. 507-513 [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1196] - Lee, M. S. Y., 1993: The origin of the turtle body plan: Bridging a famous morphological gap.
–Science: Vol. 261, 24 September, 1716-1720 - Lee, M. S. Y., 1996: Correlated progression and the origin of turtles.
–Nature: Vol. 379, 29 February, pp. 812-815 - Lee, M. S. Y., 1997: Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 120, pp. 197-280 - Li, C., Fraser, N. C., Rieppel, O. & Wu, X.-C., 2018: A Triassic stem turtle with an edentulous beak.
–Nature: Vol. 560, #7719, pp. 476-479 [doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0419-1] - Li, C., Wu, X.-C., Rieppel, O. C., Wang, L.-T. & Zhao, L.-J., 2008: An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China.
–Nature: Vol. 456, pp. 497-501 [doi: 10.1038/nature07533] - Meylan, P. A., 2001–: Testudines – Turtles, tortoises and terrapins.
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://www.tolweb.org/tree?group=Testudines&contgroup=Amniota - Meylan, P. A. & Ganko, E., 1997: Higher Relationships of Testunides – The extinct and living turtles.
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: [not available] - Meylan, P. A. & Ganko, E., 1997: †Kayentachelys.
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: [not available] - Perea, D., Soto, M., Sterli, J., Mesa, V., Toriño, P., Roland, G. & Da Silva, J., 2014: Tacuarembemys kusterae, gen. et sp. nov., a new Late Jurassic–?earliest Cretaceous continental turtle from western Gondwana.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 34, #6, pp. 1329-1341 [doi: 10.1080/02724634.2014.859620] - Rabi, M., Zhou, C.-F., Wings, O., Ge, S. & Joyce, W., 2013: A new xinjiangchelyid turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China and the evolution of the basipterygoid process in Mesozoic turtles.
–BMC Evolutionary Biology: Vol. 13, #1, pp. (1-29) [doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-203] - Rougier, G. W., de la Fuente, M. S. & Arcucci, A. B., 1995: Late Triassic Turtles from South America.
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–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 52 #4, pp. 675-694 - Sukhanov, V. R., 2000: Mesozoic turtles of Middle and Central Asia. 309-367
in Benton, M. J., Shishkin, M. A., Unvin, D. M. & Kurochkin, E. N., (eds.) 2000: The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, xxxix-696 - Szczygielski, T. & Sulej, T., 2016: Revision of the Triassic European turtles Proterochersis and Murrhardtia (Reptilia, Testudinata, Proterochersidae), with the description of new taxa from Poland and Germany.
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