After Tsuji & Müller, 2009
<==o †Parareptilia Olson, 1947 sensu Tsuji & Müller, 2009 [Anapsida Osborn, 1903 [paraphyletic]; Proganosauria; ] (anapsids, parareptiles; ohimoaukottomat amniootit, parareptiilit) |--o †Mesosauridae Baur, 1889 | |-- †Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis | |-- †Stereosternum tumidum Cope, 1886 | `--o †Mesosaurus [Ditrichosaurus, Noteosaurus africanus Broom, 1913, Notosaurus] | |-- †M. tenuidens Gervais, 1865 | `-- †M. brasiliensis [jr. synon. to M. tenuidens??] `--o Parareptilia Olson, 1947 sensu deBraga & Reisz, 1996 |--+-- †Eunotosaurus africanus Seeley, 1892 sensu Modesto, 2000 | `?- Testudinata Klein, in Behn, 1760 sensu Lyson, Bever, Bhullar, Joyce & Gauthier, 2010, and Lyson, Bever, Scheyer, Hsiang & Gauthier, 2013 (turtles & tortoises) |--o †Millerettidae Watson, 1957 [Millerosauria, Millerosauroidea] | |?- †Heleophilus Broom, 1909 | |?- †Milleretoides acutirostris Broom, 1941 | |?- †Nanomilleretta kitchingi Broom, 1948 | |-- †Milleretta rubidgei Broom, 1938 [Millerina Broom, 1938; Millerettoides platyceps Broom, 1948; Millerettops kitchingi Broom, 1948] | `--+-- †Broomia perplexa Watson, 1914 | `--+-- †Millerosaurus ornatus Broom, 1948 | `--+-- †Milleropsis pricei Gow, 1972 [=? Millerosaurus pricei] | `-- †Millerosaurus nuffieldi Watson, 1957 `--o †Ankyramorpha deBraga & Reitz, 1996 sensu Tsuji & Müller, 2009 |--o †Lanthanosuchoidea Efremov, 1946 sensu Debraga & Reisz, 1996 | `==o †“Lanthanosuchidae” Efremov, 1946 [paraphyletic ( Tsuji & Müller, 2009)] | |-- †Lanthaniscus efremovi Ivakhnenko, 1980 | |-- †Lanthanosuchus watsoni Efremov, 1946 | |-- †Chalcosaurus rossicus v. Meyer, 1866 | `--o †Acleistorhinidae Daly, 1969 | |-- †Colobomycter pholeter Vaughn, 1958 | `-- †Acleistorhinus pteronicus Daly, 1969 `--+--o †Nyctiphruretia Efremov, 1938 sensu Lee, 1993 [paraphyletic?] | |?- †Tokosaurus perforatus Tverdochlebova & Ivachnenko, 1984 | `--o †Nyctiphruretidae Efremov, 1938 | |?-†Nyctiboetus liteus Chudinov 1955 [a nyctiphruretid according to Paleobiology Database] | |-- †Abyssomedon williamsi MacDougall & Reisz, 2014 | `--o †Nyctiphruretus Efremov, 1938 | |-- †N. acudens Efremov, 1938 [N. acrudens (lapsus calami)] | |-- †N. ineptus (=? Nycteroleter ineptus Efremov, 1938) | `-- †N. optabilis Bulatov, 2002 |--o †Bolosauria Kuhn, 1959 sensu Modesto, Scott, MacDougall, Sues, Evans & Reisz, 2015 | |-- †Erpetonyx arsenaultorum Modesto, Scott, MacDougall, Sues, Evans & Reisz, 2015 | `--o †Bolosauridae Cope, 1878 sensu Berman et al., 2000 | |?- †Bolosauridae genera et species indet. [China] | |--o †Bolosaurus Cope, 1878; L. Perm. NA. | | |?- †B. major | | |?- †B. rapidens | | |-- †B. striatus Cope, 1878 | | `-- †B. grandis Reisz, Barkas & Scott, 2002 | |-- †Eudibamus cursoris Berman et al., 2000, L. Perm. CEu. | `--o †Belebay U. Perm. EEu. | |-- †B. vegrandis | `-- †B. maximi `-- †Procolophonomorpha Romer, 1964 sensu Lee, 1995
After Modesto, Scott, MacDougall, Sues, Evans & Reisz, 2015<==o Parareptilia |-- †Mesosauridae `--+--o †Millerosauria | |-- †Eunotosaurus | `-- †Millerettidae `--+--o †Bolosauria | |-- †Erpetonyx | `-- †Bolosauridae `--+-- †Australothyris `--+-- †Lanthanosuchia `--+-- †Microleter `--+-- †Nyctiphruretidae `--+-- †Procolophonidae `-- †Pareiasauromorpha |
After Lyson, Bever, Bhullar, Joyce & Gauthier, 2010<==o Anapsida |-- †Mesosauridae `--o Parareptilia |-- †Millerettidae `--+--o †Lanthanosuchoidea | |-- †Acleistorhinus | `-- †Lanthanosuchus `--+--o Pan-Testudines | |-- †Eunotosaurus | `-- Testudinata `--+-- †Nyctiphruretus `--+--+-- †Bolosauridae | `-- †Procolophonoidea `--+-- †Nycteroleteridae `-- †Pareiasauria |
After Berman et al., 2000, Lee, 1993, 1996,, and Modesto 1999, 2000<==o Anapsida |-- †Mesosauridae `--o Parareptilia |-- †Millerettidae `--+-- †Bolosauridae `--+-- †Eunotosaurus sensu Modesto, 2000 `--o Procolophonomorpha |?- †Australothyris `--+-- †Procolophonoidea `--+-- †Nycteroleteridae `-- †Pareiasauria |
Reference(s):
- Berman, D. S., Reisz, R. R., Scott, D., Henrici, A. C., Sumida, S. S. & Martens, T. 2000: Early Permian bipedal reptile.
–Science: vol. 290, 3 November, pp. 969-972. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - deBraga, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1996: The Early Permian reptile Acleistorhinus pteroticus and its phylogenetic position.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #3, pp. 384-395 - Laurin, M., Gauthier, J. A. & Hedges, S. B., 1996-1997: Amniota - Mammals and reptiles.
–iNet: The Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/amniota/amniota.htm - Laurin, M., & Gauthier, J. A., 1996-2000: Phylogeny and Classification of Amniotes.
–iNet: The Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/amniote_lichen/Amniote_phylogeny.htm - Lee, M. S. Y., 1996: Correlated progression and the origin of turtles.
–Nature: Vol. 379, 29 February, pp. 812-815 - Lee, M. S. Y., 1993: The origin of the turtle body plan: Bridging a famous morphological gap.
–Science: Vol. 261, 24 September, 1716-1720 - Lyson, T. R., Bever, G. S., Bhullar, B.-A. S., Joyce, W. G. & Gauthier, J. A., 2010: Transitional fossils and the origin of turtles.
–Biology Letters: Vol. 6, #6, pp. 830-833 [doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0371] - Lyson, T. R., Bever, G. S., Scheyer, T. M., Hsiang, A. Y. & Gauthier, J. A., 2013: Evolutionary Origin of the Turtle Shell.
–Current Biology: in press [doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.003] - MacDougall, M. J. & Reisz, R. R., 2014: The first record of a nyctiphruretid parareptile from the Early Permian of North America, with a discussion of parareptilian temporal fenestration.
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–Plos One: Vol. 2, #9, pp. e889 (1-7) [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000889] - Modesto, S. P., 1999: Observations on the structure of the Early Permian reptile Staurosternon tuditum Cope.
–Paleontologica Africana: Vol. 35, pp. 7-19 - Modesto, S. P., 2000: Eunotosaurus africanus and the Gondwanan ancestery of anapsid reptiles.
–Paleontologica Africana: Vol. 36, pp. 15-20 - Modesto, S. P., Scott, D. M., MacDougall, M. J., Sues, H.-D., Evans, D. C. & Reisz, R. R., 2015: The oldest parareptile and the early diversification of reptiles.
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–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #1, pp. 23-28 - Tsuji, L. A. & Müller, J., 2009: Assembling the history of the Parareptilia: phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade.
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