After Chiappe, Ji, Ji & Norell, 1999, Paul, 2002, Zhou & Zheng, 2002b and Chiappe, 2002
Alternative [older] phylogeny of Basal Aves after Chiappe, 1995, 1998, Chiappe, Ji, Ji & Norell, 1999, Paul, 2002 and Zhou & Zheng, 2002b
Alternative phylogeny of Basal Aves after Hou et al., 1996, Hou et al., 1999 & Feduccia, 1996.
Alternative phylogeny after Marya´nska, Osmólska & Wolsan, 2002.
<==o Aves Linnaeus, 1758 sensu lato (linnut, birds) |--o Archaeopterygidae Huxley, 1871 [Archaeopterygiformes] | |?- †Protarchaeopteryx robusta Ji & Ji, 1997 [=? Incisivosaurus gauthieri Xu, Cheng, Wang & Chang, 2002, an oviraptorid] | `--o †Archaeopteryx von Meyer, 1861 [Synonyms] (urvogel; liskolintu) | |-- †A. lithographica von Meyer, 1861 [Synonyms] | `-- †A. siemensii Dames, 1897 sensu Mayr, Pohl, Hartman & Peters, 2007 [Synonyms] `--+-- †Jeholornis prima Zhou & Zhang, 2002b |?- †Yandangornis longicaudatus Cai & Zhao, 1999 [Yandangornithiformes: Yandangornithidae:] `--o Avebrevicauda Paul, 2002 (birds with pygostyle; pygostyliset linnut) |-- †Zhongjiaornis yangi Zhou, Zhang & Li, 2009 |-- †Sapeornis chaoyangensis Zhou & Zhang, 2002a `--o Pygostylia Chatterjee, 1997 |--o †Confuciusornithidae Hou et al., 1995 | |-- †Changchengornis hengdaoziensis Ji, Chiappe & Ji, 1999 | `-- †Confuciusornis sanctus Hou et al., 1995 [Synonyms] `--o Ornithothoraces Chiappe & Calvo, 1994 (modern rib-cased birds; nykyrintakehäiset linnut) |-- †Enantiornithes Walker, 1981 [Enantiornithomorpha Chiappe et al. 1999] ("opposite birds"; vastalinnut) `-- Ornithuromorpha Chiappe, Ji, Ji & Norell, 1999 [Ornithurae sensu Feduccia 1996; Euornithes sensu Sereno, 2005] (ornithurines, modernlike birds; nykylintumaiset linnut) Avialae/Aves incertae sedis: †Gallornis straeleni [nomen dubium] L. Cret. WEu. †Wyleyia valdensis Harrison & Walker, 1973; L. Cret. WEu. [nomen dubium] †Platanavis Nessov, 1992; U. Cret. CAs. †Shenzhouraptor sinensis Ji et al., 2002; L.Cret. EAs. †Dalianraptor cuhe Gao & Liu, 2005; L.Cret. EAs.
Note:
The phylogeny of basal Avialae is murky. The cause of this murkiness are alvarezsaurids, which are currently of disputed phylogenetic position. For example, Paul C. Sereno places alvarezsaurids as very specialized ornithomimids.
I have here followed most recent view of Luis M. Chiappe [2002], witch places alvarezsaurids outside Aves.
Recent book of Gregory S. Paul is a really good defending of the bird-dinosaur link. Recently found Jeholornis further solidifies this link. It also shows for a first time a dromaeosaur-like stiffed tail on a bird, which further seems to indicate that Greg is right and that deinonychosaurs are non-volant dinobirds!
Some phylogenetic defenitions:
- Metornithes = All Aves closer to Neornithes than Archaeopteryx]
- Avebrevicauda = All birds possessing shortened tail and tailbone.
- Pygostylia = Last common ancester of Confuciusornis and Neornithes, and all it's descents
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