After Clarke & Norell, 2002, Chiappe, 2002b, Zhou & Zhang, 2005, and Zhou et al., 2009
<==o Ornithuromorpha Haeckel, 1866 sensu Chiappe et al., 1999 [Ornithurae Haeckel, 1866 non Chiappe, 1991 sensu Feduccia 1997, Zhou & Zhang, 2005; Euornithes sensu Sereno, 2005] |?- †Chaoyangia beishanensis Hou & Zhang, 1993; E.Cret. EAs. [Chaoyangiaformes: Chaoyangidae:] |--+-- †Vorona berivotrensis Forster, Chiappe, Krause, & Sampson, 1996 sensu Clarke & Norell, 2002, and Chiappe, 2002; L.Cret. Mad. | `--+-- †Archaeorhychus spathula Zhou & Zhang, 2006; E.Cret. EAs. | `-- †Jianchangornis microdonta Zhou et al., 2009; E.Cret. EAs. `--+-- †Patagopteryx deferrariisi Alvarenga & Bonaparte, 1992; L.Cret. SSAm [Patagopterygiformes] `--+--+-- †Schizooura lii Zhou, Zhou & O'Connor, 2012; E.Cret. EAs. | `-- †“Bellulia” rectusunguis Wang, Zhou & Zhou, 2016 [non Bellulia Fibiger, 2008 (Lepidoptera: Micronoctuidae) preocc.] `--+--o †Hongshanornithidae O'Connor, Gao & Chiappe, 2010 | |-- †Hongshanornis longicresta Zhou & Zhang, 2005; E.Cret. EAs. | |-- †Tianyuornis cheni Zheng, O'Connor, Wang, Zhang & Wang, 2014 | |-- †Longicrusavis houi O'Connor, Gao & Chiappe, 2010 | `-- †Parahongshanornis chaoyangensis Li, Wang & Hou, 2011 `--+?- †Zhongjianornis yangi Zhou, Zhang & Li, 2010 |--+--+-- †Yixianornis grabaui Zhou & Zhang, 2001; E.Cret. EAs. [Chaoyangiaformes:] | | `-- †Songlingornis linghensis Hou, 1996 sensu Zhou et al., 2009; E.Cret. EAs. [Chaoyangiaformes: Songlingornithidae:] | `--o †Yanornis Zhou & Zhang, 2001; E.Cret. EAs. [Archaeovolans repatriatus Czerkas & Xu, 2002; Aberratiodontus wui Gong, Hou & Wang, 2004] [Yanornithiformes: Yanornithidae:] | |-- †Y. martini Zhou & Zhang, 2001 | `-- †Y. chaoyangensis `--+?- †Gargantuavis philoinos Buffetaut & Le Loeuff, 1998; L.Cret. SWEu. `--o Ornithurae Haeckel, 1866 sensu Clarke & Norell, 2002 [non Chiappe, 1991] |?-o †Palintropiformes Longrich, Tokaryk & Field, 2011 | |-- †Apsaravis ukhaana Norell & Clarke, 2001; L.Cret. EAs. | `--o †Palintropidae [Quercymegapodiidae Mourer-Chauviré, 1992 in partim sensu Hope, 2002] | `--o †Palintropus Brodkorb, 1970 [basal Galliformes sensu Hope, 2002] | |-- †P. sp. [undescribed, U. Cret. NWNA.] (Hope, 2002) | `-- †P. retusus (Marsh, 1892) [Cimolopteryx retusa (Marsh, 1892; Apatornis retusus (Marsh, 1892) Brodkorb, 1962] `--o Ornithurae Haeckel, 1866 sensu Padian & Chiappe 1998 [non Chiappe, 1991] |?- †Neogaeornis wetzeli Lambrecht, 1929; L.Cret. SSAm. |-- †Hesperornithiformes Fürbringer, 1888 [Odontornithes Marsh, 1880, Odontognathe Stejneger, 1885] `--+?- †Gansus yumensis Hou & Liu, 1984; L.Cret. EAs. [Gansuiformes Hou & Liu, 1984: Gansuidae Hou & Liu, 1984] `--+--+-- †Hollanda luceria Bell, Chiappe, Erickson, Suzuki, Watabe, Barsbold & Tsogtbaatar, 2009 [Hollandaornis birdus, lapsus calami] L.Cret. CAs. | `-- †Liaoningornis longiditrus Hou, 1997; E.Cret. EAs. [Liaoningornithiformes: Liaoningornithidae:] [removed to Enantiornithes sensu Clarke, 2002, and O'Connor 2012; returned to Ornithuromorpha sensu Wang et al., 2014] `--o Carinatae |?- †Carinatae genera et species indet. [NHMM/RD 271] [“basal carinate from Belgium”] |--o †Ichthyornithiformes Fürbringer, 1888 [Ichthyornithes Marsh, 1873b; Ambiortimorphae sensu Feduccia, 1996] | |?- †Holbotia ponomarenkoi Kurochkin, 1982 [nomen nudum] | |?- †Apatornis celer (Marsh, 1873) [Ichthyornis celer Marsh, 1873] [Apatornithiformes] | |?-o †Ambiortidae Kurochkin, 1982 | | |-- †Ambiortus dementjevi Kurochkin, 1982; L.Cret. CAs. [Ambiortiformes Kurochkin, 1982] | | `?- †Otogornis genghisi Hou, 1994 [is an enantiornithe?] | `--o †Ichthyornis Marsh, 1880 [1872??]; L.Cret. WNAm. [Colonosaurus Marsh, 1872; Plegadornis Wetmore, 1962; Angelinornis Kashin, 1972] [Ichthyornithiformes] | |-- †I. sp.A [Tokaryk, Cumbaa & Storer, 1997] [Late Cretaceous, Pasquia Hills, Saskatchevan] | |-- †I. sp.B [Tokaryk, Cumbaa & Storer, 1997] [Late Cretaceous, Pasquia Hills, Saskatchevan] | `-- †I. dispar Marsh, 1872 [Ichthyornis anceps Marsh, 1872a (Marsh, 1880); Ichthyornis agilis Marsh, 1873c (Marsh, 1880); Ichthyornis victor Marsh, 1876; Ichthyornis validus Marsh, 1880; Ichthyornis antecessor Wetmore, 1962 (Olson, 1975)] `--+-- †Limenavis patagonica Clarke & Chiappe, 2001; L.Cret. SSAm. `-- Neornithes Gadow, 1893 [Aves sensu stricto (Gauthier 1986)] (modern birds; nykylinnut)
Ornithuromorpha incertae sedis:
†Piksi barbarulna Varricchio, 2002; L.Cret. WNAm. [reinterpreted as a pterosaur by Agnolin & Varricchio (2012)] †Limnornithiformes †Eurolimnornithidae †Eurolimnornis Kessler & Jurczak, 1986 [Limnornis Kessler & Jurczak, 1984, non Limnornis Gould, 1839] †Palaeocursornithiformes †Cursornithidae †Palaeocursornis Kessler & Jurczak, 1986 [nomen dubium]
Note:
Verricchio's (2002) tentative analysis places Piksi barbarulna close to galliform-tinamiforms, thus I place it as a tentative sistergroup to Neornithes. Current phylogeny and composition of Ornithuromorpha is also tentative. This is mainly caused by the fragmentary and poor quality of their fossils. One can say that many of these species are based such a fossils that they are practically nomina dubina -forms
Some defenitions:
Ornithuromorpha: All avialaens closer to Gallus than Enantiornis
Ornithurae: Least inclusive clade containing Gallus and Hesperornis.
Carinatae: Least inclusive clade containing Gallus and Ichthyornis
Aves: Least inclusive clade containing all living birds and their fossil relatives (makes Neornithes synonomous with Aves).
After Wang, Li, O'Connor, Zhou & You, 2015<==o Ornithuromorpha |-- †Archaeorhychus `--+-- †Jianchangornis `--+--+-- †Schizooura | `--+-- †Patagopteryx | `-- †Vorona `--+--+--+-- †Yixianornis | | |-- †Yanornis | | `-- †Songlingornis | `--o †Hongshanornithidae | |-- †Hongshanornis | `-- †Longicrusavis `--+-- †Gansus `--+-- †Apsaravis `--+-- †Hesperornithiformes `--+-- †Ichthyornis `--+-- †Vegavis `-- Neornithes Reference(s):
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After Wang, O'Connor & Zhou, 2014<==o Ornithuromorpha |-- †Jianchangornis `--+-- †Archaeorhychus `--+-- †Patagopteryx |-- †Ambiortus |-- †Schizooura |-- †Vorona |-- †Chaoyangia `--+--+--+-- †Yixianornis | | |-- †Yanornis | | `-- †Songlingornis | `--o †Hongshanornithidae | |-- †Hongshanornis | `-- †Longicrusavis `--+-- †Gansus `--+-- †Apsaravis `--+--+-- †Hollanda | `-- †Liaoningornis `--+-- †Ichthyornis `--+-- Neornithes `--+-- †Limenavis `-- †Hesperornithiformes Reference(s):
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Basal Ornithuromorpha after Zhou, Zhou & O'Conner, 2012<==o Ornithuromorpha |-- †Patagopteryx |-- †Vorona `--+--+-- †Archaeorhychus | `-- †Jianchangornis `--+-- †Schizooura `--+-- †Hongshanornis `--+---+-- †Yanornis | `--+-- †Songlingornis | `-- †Yixianornis `-- Ornithurae Reference(s):
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Reference(s):
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