After Chiappe, 1995, 1998, Chiappe, Ji, Ji & Norell, 1999, Paul, 2002 and Zhou & Zheng, 2002b
<==o Aves Linnaeus, 1758 sensu lato (linnut, birds) |--o Archaeopterygidae Huxley, 1871 [Archaeopterygiformes] | |-- †Protarchaeopteryx robusta Ji & Ji, 1997 | `-- †Archaeopteryx lithographica Meyer, 1861 [Synonyms] (liskolintu; urvogel) `--+?- †Rahonavis ostromi (Forster, Sampson, Chiappe & Krause, 1998a) [Rahona ostromi Forster, Sampson, Chiappe & Krause, 1998a] |-- †Jeholornis prima Zhou & Zhang, 2002b `--o Metornithes Chiappe, 1995 |?- †Alvarezsauridae Bonaparte, 1991 sensu Chiappe, 1995, 1998 [Chiappe, 2002 has removed Alvarezsaurids from Aves] `--o Avebrevicauda Paul, 2002 (pygostyliset linnut) |-- †Sapeornis chaoyangensis Zhou & Zhang, 2002a `--o Pygostylia Chatterjee, 1997 |--o †Confuciusornithidae Hou et al., 1995 | |-- †Changchengornis hengdaoziensis Ji et al., 1998 | `-- †Confuciusornis sanctus Hou et al., 1995 [Synonyms] `--o Ornithothoraces (modern rib-cased birds) |-- †Enantiornithes Walker, 1981 [Enantiornithomorpha Chiappe et al. 1999] ("opposite birds"; vastalinnut) `-- Ornithuromorpha Chiappe et al. 1999 [Ornithurae sensu Feduccia 1996] (ornithurines, modernlike birds; nykylintumaiset linnut)
Avialae/Aves incertae sedis:
†Gallornis straeleni [nomen dubium] L. Cret. WEu.
†Wyleyia valdensis Harrison & Walker, 1973; L. Cret. WEu. [nomen dubium]
Note:
This tree present older view of Luis M. Chiappe [1995, 1998]. At that time he treated Alvarezsaurids as very strange basal birds, more advanced than Archaeopteryx, but still very primitive.
More recently he has placed Alvarezsaurids outside Aves altogether. (Chiappe, 2002)
Reference(s):
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