Embryophyta (landplants; maakasvit)
Hepaticopsida [incl. Marchantiomorpha] (maksasammalet; liverworts)
Marchantiomorpha [Marchantiidae]
Sphaerocarpales
Monocleales
Marchantiales
Jungermanniideae
Jungermanniales
Calobryales
Metzgeriales
Anthoceromorpha
Bryophyta (mosses; sammaleet)
Sphagnopsida
Sphagnales
Andreaeopsida (lantern mosses)
Andreaeales
Bryopsida (peristomate mosses; lehtisammaleet)
Polytrichideae
Tetraphidadeae
Bryideae
?Takakiales
?Isobryales
?Buxbaumiales
?Fissidentales
Diphysiales
Funariales
Timmiales
Encalyptales
Dicraniidae
Archidiales
Seligeriales
Grimmiales
Pottiales
Dicranales
Bryidae
Splachnales
Orthotrichales
Bryales [Eubryales??]
Hedwigiales
Rhizogoniales
Hookeriales
Hypnobryales [Hypnales]
†Horneophytopsida
†Rhytiopsida [Rhytiophyta]
Lycopodiophyta (lycophytes; liekokasvit)
†Zosterophyllopsida
†Asteroxylales
†Drepanophycales
Lycopodiopsida
Lycopodiales
†Prolepidodendrales
Selaginellales (Spike mosses; mähkämäiset)
Isoetopsida
†Lepidodendrales (suomuput)
Isoetales (lahnaruohokasvit
EUPHYLLOPHYTINA
Moniliformopses (kortteet ja saniaiset; horsetails & ferns)
Equisetopsida [Sphenopsida] (kortteet; horsetails, sphenophytes)
†Iridopteridales
†Hyeniales
†Pseudoborniales
†Sphenophyllales
Equisetales (kortteet; horsetails, sphenophytes)
†Cladoxylopsida
†Cladoxylales
†Stauropteridales
†Zygopteridales
Filicopsida [Pteridophyta] (Ferns; saniaiset)
Psilotales (Whisk Ferns)
Marattiales
Ophioglossales
Polypodiidae [Filicales]
Marsileales
Salviniales
“Filicales” [paraphyletic]
†Trimerophytopsida
Progymnospermopsida (esipaljassiemeniset)
†Aneurophytales
†Archaeopteridales
†Protopityales
Spermatopsida (Seed Plants; siemenkasvit)
†Lyginopteridales [paraphyletic]
†Medullosales
†Caytoniales
†Peltaspermales
†Czekanowskiales
†Callistophytales
†GLOSSOPTERIDOPHYTA (kielisaniaiset; glossopterids)
†Glossopteridales
Cycadophyta
Cycadales (cycads; käpypalmut)
Ginkgoopsida [Ginkgophyta]
Ginkgoales (ginkgos, maidenhairtrees; neidonhiuspuut)
Coniferophyta [Pinophyta] (conifer-like plants; havupuumaiset siemenkasvit)
†Cordaitales [Cordaitopsida]
†Voltziales
Taxales (yews; marjakuusimaiset)
Coniferales [Gymnospermopsida] (conifers; havupuut)
Gneticea [Chlamydospermopsida]
†Pentoxylales
†Cycadeoidales [Bennettitales] (cycadeloids; cycadeloidit)
Gnetales
Angiospermophytina [Magnoliophyta] (flowering plants; kukkakasvit)
Reference(s):
- Hämet-Ahti, L., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T., Uotila, P. & Vuokko, S., 1984: Retkeilykasvio.
–Suomen Luonnonsuojelun Tuki Oy & Forssan Kirjapaino Oy, Forssa, 1984, 1-544 - Kenrick, P., & Crane, P., 1996-1999: Embryophytes – Land Plants.
–iNet: The Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/tree/ - Pryer, K. M., Schneider, H., Smith, A. R., Cranfill, R., Wolf, P. G., Hunt, J. S. & Sipes, S. D., 2001: Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants.
–Nature: Vol. 409, 1 February, pp. 618-621 - Steward, W. N. & Rothwell, G. W., 1993: Paleobotany and the evolution of plants, 2nd Edition.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.S.A., xii-521