After Kenrick & Crane, 1996-1999 [“The Tree of Life”], Pryer, Schneider, Smith, Cranfill, Wolf, Hunt & Sipes, 2001 and Steward & Rothwell, 1993
<==o Embryophyta (landplants; maakasvit) |-- Hepaticopsida [Hepatophyta] [incl. Marchantiomorpha] (liverworts; maksasammalet) `--+?- †Naiadita lanceolata |?- †Protosalvinia |-- Anthoceromorpha [Anthocerotophyta] (hornworts; sarvisammalet) `--+-- Bryopsida [Bryophyta sensu stricto] (peristomate mosses; lehtisammaleet) `--o Tracheophyta (vascular plants; johtojänteiset kasvit) |?- †Aldanophyton [presence of vascular tissue not proven] |?- †Baragwanathia |?- †Sporogonites |-- †Horneophyton ligneiri [Hornea lignieri (preoccupied)] [Horneophytopsida] `--+-- †Aglaophyton major [Rhynia major] `--+--o †Rhyniopsida [Rhytiophyta] | |?- †Renalia hueberi | |?- †Taeniocrada langii | |?- †Hedeia corymbosa | |?- †Lyonophyton rhyniensis [gametophyte] | |?- †Sciatophyton [gametophyte?] | |?- †Yarravia oblonga | |?- †Hicklingia | |?- †Dutoitea | |?- †Eugaspesiea | |-- †Steganotheca striata | |-- †Cooksonia caledonica | |-- †Rhytia gwynne-vaughanii | `-- †Uskiella `--+-- Lycopodiophyta (liekokasvit; lycophytes) `--+-- †Eophyllophyton bellum `--o Euphyllophytina |-- Moniliformopses (horsetails & ferns; kortteet ja saniaiset) `--+?-o †Trimerophytopsida | |-- †Trimerophyton robustius | |--o †Psilophyton | | |-- †P. princeps | | |-- †P. dapsile | | |-- †P. microspinosum | | |-- †P. forbesii | | |-- †P. dawsonii | | |-- †P. coniculum | | `-- †P. crenulatum | `--o †Pertica | |-- †P. dalhousii | |-- †P. varia | `-- †P.quandrifaria `--o Progymnospermopsida (esipaljassiemeniset) |--o †Aneurophytales | |-- †Aneurophyton | |-- †Eospermatopteris | |-- †Rellimia | |-- †Tetraxylopteris | |-- †Triloboxylon | `-- †Proteokalon |--o †Archaeopteridales | `-- †Archaeopteris [Callixylon, Svalbardia, Actinoxylon, Siderella, Actinopodium] |--o †Protopityales | `-- †Protopitys `-- Spermatopsida (seed plants; siemenkasvit)
Reference(s):
- Hämet-Ahti, L., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T., Uotila, P. & Vuokko, S., 1984: Retkeilykasvio.
–Suomen Luonnonsuojelun Tuki Oy & Forssan Kirjapaino Oy, Forssa, 1984, 1-544 - Kenrick, P., & Crane, P., 1996-1999: Embryophytes – Land Plants.
–iNet: The Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/tree/ - De Luna, E., Newton, A. E. & Mishler, B. D., 2003-: Bryophyta – Mosses.
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Bryophyta&contgroup=Embryophytes - Pryer, K. M., Schneider, H., Smith, A. R., Cranfill, R., Wolf, P. G., Hunt, J. S. & Sipes, S. D., 2001: Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants.
–Nature: Vol. 409, 1 February, pp. 618-621 - Steward, W. N. & Rothwell, G. W., 1993: Paleobotany and the evolution of plants, 2nd Edition.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.S.A., xii-521