After Modesto, Rubidge & Welman, 1999 (from Modesto & Rubidge, 2000), and Rubidge & Sidor, 2001
Alternative phylogeny after Liu, Rubidge & Li, 2009, Amson & Laurin, 2011
Alternative phylogeny after Carroll, 1988
<==o Therapsida Broom, 1905 (nisäkäsmäiset synapsidit, mammal-like reptiles) |-- †Tetraceratops insignis Matthew, 1908 `--+-- †Raranimus dashankouensis Liu, Rubidge & Li, 2009 `--+-- †Biarmosuchia Sigogneau-Russell, 1989 [non? Hopson & Barghusen, 1986] [Rubidginia Huene, 1956; Rubidginoidea Haughton & Brink, 1954] `--+?-o †Eotitanosuchidae Tchudinov, 1960 [Eotitanosuchia Boonstra, 1963] [=? †Biarmosuchidae Olsen, 1962] | |-- †Eotitanosuchus olsoni Tchudinov, 1960 [=? Biarmosuchus tener Tchudinov, 1960] | `-- †Ivantosaurus ensifer Tchudinov, 1983 [=? Biarmosuchus tener Tchudinov, 1960] `--o Eutherapsida |-- †Dinocephalia Seeley, 1895 (terror-heads; kauhukalloiset) `--o Neotherapsida |-- †Gorgonopsia Seeley, 1895 (sabretooth-therapsids; sapelihampaiset) `--+-- †Anomodontia Owen, 1859 (dicynodonts and relatives; anomodontit, kaksikeilahampaiset) `--o Theriodontia Owen, 1876 emend. Watson & Romer, 1956 [“all therapsids closer to mammals than dicynodonts”] |-- †Cyonosaurus longiceps `--+--o †Lycosuchus Broom, 1903 [Lycosuchidae] | |-- †L. vanderrieti Broom, 1903 | |?- †L. mackayi Broom, 1903 | `?- †L. kayseri van der Heever, 1987 [nomen nudum] `==o †Therocephalia Broom, 1903 [paraphyletic?] `--+--o †Whaitsiidae [paraphyletic Therocephalia] | |--o †Moschowhaitsiinae | | |-- †Moschowhaitsia vjuschkovi Tatarinov, 1963 | | `-- †Viatkosuchus sumini Tatarinov, 1995 | `--o †Whaitsiinae | `--o †Theriognathus [Alopecopsis; Aneugomphius; Hyenosaurus; Notaelurops; Notosollasia; Whaitsia] | |-- †T. laticeps [Notosollasia laticeps] | `-- †T. major (Broom, 1920) [Whaitsia major Broom, 1920] `-- Cynodontia Owen, 1861 (cynodonts; kynodontit (“koiranhampaiset”))
Therapsida incertae sedis:
†Alopecorhinus parvidens [until more information received]
†Arnognathus parvidens Broom, 1907 [a therocephalian?]
†Delphaciognathus paucidens [until more information received]
†Diaelurodon whaitsi [until more information received]
†Eriphostoma microdon [until more information received]
†Glochinodontoides gracillis [= G. gracilis?] [until more information received]
†Ictidopsis elegans [until more information received]
†Propelanomodon tylorhinus [until more information received]
†Scylacorhinus falkenbachi [until more information received]
†Sesamondon browni [until more information received]
†Taurops macrodon
†Trochosuchus major
After Liu, Rubidge & Li, 2009, and Amson & Laurin, 2011<==o Therapsida |-- †Tetraceratops `--+-- †Raranimus `--+-- †Dinocephalia `--+-- †Anomodontia `--+-- †Biarmosuchia `--+-- †Gorgonopsia `--o Eutheriodontia |-- †Therocephalia `-- Cynodontia Reference(s):
|
After Carroll, 1988<==o Therapsida |?- †Tetraceratops `--o “Eotherapsida” |?- Biarmosuchia `--o Eutherapsida |-- †Dinocephalia `--o Neotherapsida |-- †Anomodontia `--o Theriodontia |-- †Gorgonopsia `--o Eutheriodontia |-- †Therocephalia `-- Cynodontia Reference(s):
|
Reference(s):
- Amson, E. & Laurin, M., 2011: On the Affinities of Tetraceratops insignis, an Early Permian Synapsid.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 56, #2, pp. 301-312 [doi: 10.4202/app.2010.0063] - Battail, B. & Surkov, M. V., 2000: Mammal-like reptiles from Russia. 86-119
in Benton, M. J., Shishkin, M. A., Unvin, D. M. & Kurochkin, E. N., (eds.) 2000: The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, xxxix-696 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Conrad, J., 2000: Therapsida.
–iNet: Jack Conrad's Vertebrate Pages: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/1636/synapsida/therapsida.html - Ford, T. L., 2006: Taxonomic lists.
–iNet: Paleofile.com: http://www.paleofile.com/Demo/; [visited: 2006-03-03] - Grine, F. E., 1997: Dinocephalians are not anomodonts.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 17, #1, pp. 177-183 - Kazlev, M. A., 2000: Biarmosuchia.
–iNet: The Kheper Site: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/therapsida/Biarmosuchia.html - Kazlev, M. A., 2000: Biarmosuchidae.
–iNet: The Kheper Site: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/therapsida/Biarmosuchidae.html - Kazlev, M. A., 2000: Eotitanosuchidae
–iNet: The Kheper Site: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/therapsida/Eotitanosuchidae.html - Kazlev, M. A., 2000: Phthinosuchidae.
–iNet: The Kheper Site: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/therapsida/Phthinosuchidae.html - Kemp, T. S., 1972: Whaitsiid Therocephalia and the origin of cynodonts.
–Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Biology): Vol. 264, #857, pp. 1-54 - Laurin, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1997-1998: Synapsida - Mammals and their extinct relatives.
–iNet: The Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/synapsida.html - Laurin , M. & Reisz, R. R., 1997: Autapomorphies of the main clades of synapsids.
–iNet: The Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/synapsidlichen/synapsidasynapomorphies.html - Liu, J., Rubidge, B. & Li, J., 2009: New Basal Synapsid Supports Laurasian Origin for Therapsids.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 54, #3, pp. 393-400 [doi: 10.4202/app.2008.0071] - Modesto, S. & Rubidge, B. S., 2000: A basal anomodont therapsid from the Lower Baufort Group, Upper Permian of South Africa.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vo. 20, #3, pp. 515-521 - Rubidge, B. S. & Kitching, J. W., 2003: A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa.
–Palaeontology: Vol. 46, #1, pp. 199-210 - Rubidge, B. S. & Sidor, C. A., 2001: Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids.
–Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics: Vol. #32, pp. 449-480
Special thanks to:
Jos H. M. Dols, for gathering additional information and species of these animals.