After Huttenlocker, 2009, and Huttenlocker, 2014, with taxonomic information from Carroll, 1988, Battail & Surkov, 2000, (partially) Botha, Abdala & Smith, 2007, and Ivakhnenko, 2011
<==o †Therocephalia Broom, 1903 [paraphyletic] |--o †Lycosuchia Nopcsa, 1923 [Lycosuchida sensu Ivachnenko, 2011] | |--o †Perplexisaurus Tatarinov, 1997 [Perplexisauroidea Tatarinov, 2000: Perplexisauridae Tatarinov, 2000] | | |-- †P. foveatus Tatarinov, 1997 [?Chlynovia serridentatus Tatarinov, 2000] | | `-- †P. lepusculus Ivakhnenko, 2011 | `--o †Lycosuchoidea Nopcsa, 1923 sensu Ivachnenko, 2011 | |-- †Kotelcephalon viatkensis Tatarinov, 1999 [Kotelcephalonidae Ivachnenko, 2011] | `--o †Lycosuchidae Nopcsa, 1923 [Simorhinellidae] | |?- †Scymnosaurus ferox Broom 1903 | |-- †Porosteugnathus efremovi Vjuschkov, 1955 | |-- †Simorhinella baini Broom, 1915; M.Perm. SAf. [Simorhinellidae] | `--o †Lycosuchus Broom, 1903 | |-- †L. vanderrieti Broom, 1903 | |?- †L. mackayi Broom, 1903 | `?- †L. kayseri van der Heever, 1987 [nomen nudum] `--o †Scylacosauria Broom, 1903 [†Pristerosauria Hopson & Berghusen, 1986 in partim] |?-o †Trochosuchidae Watson & Romer, 1956 [=? Lycosuchidae?] | |--o †Hyaenasuchus Broom, 1908 | | `-- †H. whaitsi Broom 1908 | |-- †Trochorhinus Broom, 1936 | |--o †Trochosaurus Broom, 1935 | | |-- T. dirus Broom, 1935 | | `-- T. acutus (Broom, 1908) [Trochosuchus acutus Broom, 1908] | `-- †Trochosuchus Broom, 1908 |--o Scylacosauridae Broom, 1903 [incl. Pristerognathidae Broom, 1908] | |?- †Alopecideops Broom, 1932 | |?- †Alopecodon priscus Broom, 1908 | |?-o †Alopecognathus Broom, 1915 | | |-- †A. angusticeps Broom, 1915 | | |-- †A. angustioriceps Boonstra, 1953 | | |-- †A. megalops Broom, 1935 | | `-- †A. minor Haughton, 1918 | |?- †Alopecorhinus Broom, 1912 | |?- †Cynariognathus Broom, 1931 | |?- ?†Hyorhynchus Seeley, 1889 | |?- †Hexacynodon purlinensis Tatarinov, 1974 | |?- †Ictidoparia Broom, 1925 | |?- †Lycedops Broom, 1935 [Lycidopsidae Boonstra, 1934] | |?- †Maraisaurus Boonstra, 1953 | |?- †Pardosuchus whaitsi Broom, 1908 | |?- †Pristerognathoides Boonstra, 1954 | |?- †Pristerosaurus Boonstra, 1954 | |?- †Ptomalestes Boonstra, 1954 | |?- †Scylacoides ferox Broom, 1915 | |?- †Scylacorhinus falkenbachi Broom, 1915 | |?-o †Scylacosaurus Broom, 1903 | | |-- †S. sclateri Tatarinov, 1968 | | `-- †S. orenburgensis | |?- †Scymnosaurus watsoni Broom, 1903 | |?- †Therioides Boonstra, 1953 | |?- †Walteria skinneri Brink & Kitching, 1951 | |?- †Zinnosaurus paucidens Boonstra, 1968 | |-- †Ictidosaurus angusticeps Broom, 1903b [non? Broom, 1908] M.Perm. SAf. | `--+-- †Glanosuchus macrops Broom, 1904; M.Perm. SAf. | `--o †Pristerognathus Seeley, 1895 | |-- †P. baini | |-- †P. polyodon | |?- †P. platyrhinus | `?- †P. vanderbyli `--o †Eutherocephalia Hopson & Barghusen, 1986 [incl.? Scaloposauria Boonstra, 1953] |?- †Gorynychus masyutinae Kammerer & Masyutin, 2018; L.Per. EEu. |-- †Stylacosuchus orenburgensis Tatarinov, 1968 [Scylacosuchidae Ivachnenko, 2011] `==o †Whaitsioidea Tatarinov, 1995 [paraphyletic] |--o †Akidnognathidae (Nopsca, 1928) Haughton " Brick 1954 [Akidognathinae (sic) Nopsca, 1928; Euchambersidae (sic) Boonstra, 1934; Euchambersiidae v. Huene, 1940; Moschorhinidae Brick, 1959] | |--o †Annatherapsinae Kuhn, 1961 [not treated by Huttenlocker, 2009] | | |--o †Annatherapsidus Kuhn, 1961 [Anna Amalitskii, 1922; Annatherapsidus Kuhn, 1961] | | | |-- †A. petri (Amalitskii, 1922) [Anna petri Amalitskii, 1922] | | | `-- †A. postum Ivachnenko, 2011 | | `?- †Chthonosaurus velocidens Vjuschkov, 1955 | `--+-- USNM 412421 | `--+-- †Akidnognathus parvus Haughton, 1918 [non Brink, 1960] | `--+-- †Shiguaignathus wangi Liu & Abdala, 2017 | `--+--+-- †Promoschorhynchus platyrhinus Brink, 1954 | | `-- †Olivierosuchus parringtoni Brink, 1965 [Oliveria parringtoni; Moschorhinus (in partim)] | `--+-- †Euchambersia mirabilis Broom, 1931 [Euchambersiidae Boonstra, 1934; Euchambersiinae Boonstra, 1934] | `--+-- †Cerdosuchoides brevidens Broom, 1936 | `-- †Moschorhinus kitchingi Broom, 1920 [?Tigisuchus; Cerdops; Hewittia] [Moschorhininae] `--+--o “non-Akidnognathid whaitsioids” | |--o ?†Hofmeyriidae Broom, 1935 | | |?- †Gorochovetzia sennikovi Ivachnenko, 2011 | | |-- †Ophidostoma tatarinovi Huttenlocker & Smith, 2017 [SAM-PK-K8516] | | `--o †Hofmeyriidae Broom, 1935 sensu Kammerer & Masyutin, 2018 | | |-- †Hofmeyria atavus Broom, 1935 | | `--+-- †Mirotenthes digitipes Attridge, 1956 | | `--o †Ictidostoma [Ictidognathus] | | |-- †I. hemburyi [Ictidognathus] | | `-- †I. parvidens [Ictidognathus] | `--o ?†Whaitsiidae Haughton, 1918 | |?- †Megawhaitsia patrichae Ivakhnenko, 2008 | |-- †Ictidochampsa platyceps Broom, 1948 | `--+-- †Microwhaitsia mendrezi Huttenlocker & Smith, 2017 | `==o †“Moschowhaitsiinae” Tatarinov, 1963 | |-- †Viatkosuchus sumini Tatarinov, 1995 | `--+-- †Moschowhaitsia vjuschkovi Tatarinov, 1963 [Hexacynodon purlinensis Tatarinov, 1974 (in partim)] | `--o †Whaitsiinae Haughton, 1918 | `--o †Theriognathus Owen, 1876 [Alopecopsis Broom, 1920; Aneugomphius Broom & Robinson, 1948; Hyenosaurus Broom, 1935; Notaelurops Broom, 1936; Notosollasia Broom, 1925; Whaitsia Haughton, 1918] | |-- †T. microps Owen, 1876 | |-- †T. laticeps (Broom, 1925) [Notosollasia laticeps] | `-- †T. major (Broom, 1920) [Whaitsia major Broom, 1920] `--o †Baurioidea Broom, 1911 [Ictidosuchoidea; Bauriamorpha Watson & Romer, 1956; Ictidosauria Boonstra 1972] |?- †Dongusaurus schepetovi Vjuschkov, 1964 |?- †Homodontosaurus kitchingi Broom, 1949 |?- †Icticephalus polycynodon Broom, 1915 |?- †Ictidodon agilis Broom, 1925 |?- †Ictidognathus parvidens Broom, 1911 |?- †Macroscelesaurus janseni Haughton, 1918 [Haughtoniscus Kuhn, 1934] |?- †Nanictocephalus richardi Broom, 1940; U. Perm. SAf. [Nanicticephalus (lapsus calami)] |?- †Nanictosuchus |?- †Polycynodon elegans (Broom, 1940) Broom & Robinson, 1948 [Octocynodon elegans Broom, 1940] |?- †Scalopodon tenuisfrons Tatarinov, 1999 |?- †Scalopolacerta hoffmani [Scaloposaurus hoffmani] L. Trias. SAf. |?- †Rhigosaurus glacialis Colbert & Kitching, 1981; L.Trias. Ant. |?- †Zorillodontops gracilis Cluver, 1969; L. Trias. SAf. |?- †Yikezhaogia megafenestrala Li, 1984 |?-o †Silpholestidae Watson & Romer, 1956 [not recognized by Huttenlocker] | |-- †Ictidodraco longiceps Broom & Robinson, 1948 | |-- †Silphictidoides ruhuhuensis Huene, 1950 | `-- †Silpholestes jackae Broom, 1948 |--o †Ictidosuchidae Broom, 1903 [incl.? Nanictidopsidae Watson & Romer, 1956; Ictidosuchopsidae Hopson & Berghusen, 1986] | |?- †Blattoidealestes gracilis Boonstra, 1954 | |?- †Chlynovia serridentatus Tatarinov, 2000 | |?- †Malasaurus germanus Tatarinov, 2001 [Tetracynodontinae Ivachnenko, 2011] | |?- ?†Muchia microdenta Ivakhnenko, 2011 [Tetracynodontinae Ivachnenko, 2011] | |?- †Nanictidops Broom, 1940; U.Perm. SAf. [=? Nanictosaurus??] [Nanictodopsidae Watson & Romer, 1956] | |?- †Pelictosuchus Broom, 1940 | |?- †Purlovia maxima Ivachnenko, 2011 [Hexacynodon purlinensis Tatarinov, 1994a (in partim)] | |?- †Scalopodontes kotelnichi Tatarinov, 2000 | |-- †Ictidosuchoides longiceps Broom, 1931 [non? Broom, 1940] | `--o †Ictidosuchus Broom, 1900 [non? Broom, 1931] | |-- †I. angusticeps | `-- †I. primaevus `--+-- †Ictidosuchops intermedius (Crompton, 1955) Broom, 1938 [Ictidosuchoides intermedius] `--+--o †Regisauridae Hopson & Barghausen, 1986 | |-- †Regisaurus jacobi Mendrez, 1972; L.Trias. SAf. | `?- †Urumchia lii Young, 1952 `--+--o †Lycideopidae Broom, 1931 sensu Liu & Abdala, 2017 | |--o †Karenitidae Tatarinov, 1997 | | |-- NHCC LB44 | | |?- ?†Scaloporhinus Boonstra, 1953 | | `-- †Karenites ornamentatus Tatarinov, 1995 [Scalopodon tenuisfrons Tatarinov, 1999 (in partim)] | `--o †Lycideopidae Broom, 1931 [non? Boonstra, 1934] [incl.? Tetracynodontinae Ivachnenko, 2011] | |-- †Lycideops longiceps Broom, 1931 | `--+-- †Choerosaurus dejageri Haughton, 1929 | `--o †Tetracynodon Broom & Robinson, 1948 [?Homodontosaurus Broo, 1949] U. Perm. L. Trias. SAf. | |-- †T. tenuis Broom & Robinson, 1948 [Homodontosaurus kitchingi Broom, 1949] | `-- †T. darti (Sigogneau 1963) `--+--o †Scaloposauridae Haughton, 1924 [non? Broom, 1914] [Scaleposauridae lapsus calami] | |?- †Choerosaurus Haughton, 1929 | |?- ?†Homodontosaurus Broom, 1949 | |?- †Icticephalus Broom, 1915 | |?- †Ictidodon Broom, 1925 | |?- ?†Nanictocephalus Broom, 1940 | |?- †Scalopocephalus Huene, 1938 | |-- †Scaloposaurus constrictus Owen, 1876; U. Perm. SAf. | |-- †Scalopolacerta Mendrez & Carroll, 1979 | |?- †Silphedestes Broom, 1949 | `?- †Silphedocynodon Brink, 1951). `--+--o †Ericolacertidae [treated as Scaloposaurids by Colbert & Kitching (1981)] | |?- ?†Cyrbasiodon Broom, 1931 | |?- †Pedaeosaurus parvus Colbert & Kitching, 1981; L.Trias. Ant. | |-- †Silphedosuchus orenburgensis Tatarinov, 1977 | `-- †Ericiolacerta parva Watson, 1931; L.Trias. SAf. Ant. `--+?- †Scapolognathus multituberculatus Tatarinov, 1974 [Scalopognathidae Tatarinov, 1974] |?-o †Nothogomphodontinae Tatarinov, 1974 sensu Ivachnenko, 2011 [Nothogomphodontidae Tatarinov, 1974] | |-- †Nothogomphodon danilovi Tatarinov, 1974 | |?- †Herpetogale marsupialis Keyser & Brink, 1977 [non Keyser, 1979] | |?- †Microgomphodon oligocynus Seeley, 1895 | `?- †Watsoniella Broili & Schroeder, 1935 `--+--o †Ordosiidae | |-- †Hazhenia concava Sun & Hou, 1981 | `--o †Ordosiodon Young, 1961 | |-- †O. lincheyuensis Young, 1961 | `-- †O. youngi (Hou, 1979) [Ordosia youngi Hou, 1979] `--o †Bauridae Broom, 1911 |?- †Aelurosuchus browni Broom, 1906 |?-o †Antecosuchus Tatarinov, 1973 | |-- †A. ochevi Tatarinov, 1973 [Neotrirachodon expectatus Tatarinov, 2002a (in partim)] | `-- †A. boreus (Tatarinov, 1973) [Scalenodon boreus Tatarinov, 1973] |?- †Traversodontoides wangwuensis Young, 1974 `--o †Bauria Broom, 1909 [Baurioides Broom, 1925; Melinodon; ?Sesamodon Broom, 1905; Sesamodontoides Broom, 1950] |-- †B. cynops Broom, 1909 `-- †B. browni Brink, 1965 [Sesamodon browni]
Therocephalia incertae sedis:
†Cerdops Broom, 1948
?†Cerdosuchoides Broom, 1936
?†Cerdosuchus Broom, 1936
†Crapartinella croucheri Mendrez, 1975 [Crapartinellidae]
†Cyonosaurus longiceps
†Moschorhynchus Broom, 1936
†Notaelurodon Broom, 1936
†Proalopecopsis Brink et Kitching, 1951
†Scaloposuchus Broom, 1940
?†Theriodesmus Seeley, 1887
After Kammerer & Masyutin, 2018 (fig. 12) (reducted to genera only)<==o †Therocephalia |-- †Lycosuchus `--+--o †Scylacosauridae | |-- †Glanosuchus | |-- †Pristerognathus | `--+-- †Ictidosaurus | |-- †Scylacosaurus | `--+-- †Alopecodon | `-- †Pardosuchus `--o †Eutherocephalia |-- †Perplexisaurus `--+-- Gorynychus `--+-- †Stylacosuchus |-- †Ophidostoma |-- †Microwhaitsia |-- †Ictidochampsa |-- †Viatkosuchus |-- †Moschowhaitsia |-- †Theriognathus |--+-- †Chthonosaurus | `-- †Ichibengops |--o †Hofmeyriidae | |-- †Hofmeyria atavus | `--+-- †Mirotenthes digitipes | `-- †Ictidostoma hemburyi |--o †Akidnognathidae | |-- †Annatherapsidus | `--+-- USNM PAL 412421 | `--+-- †Akidnognathus | `--+-- †Shiguaignathus | `--+--+-- †Promoschorhynchus | | `-- †Olivierosuchus | `--+-- †Euchambersia | `--+-- †Cerdosuchoides | `-- †Moschorhinus `--o †Baurioidea |--+-- †Ictidosuchus | |-- †Ictidosuchoides | `-- †Ictidosuchops `--+-- †Regisaurus `--+-- †Urumchia `--+--+-- †Karenites | `-- †Mupashi `--+-- †Lycideops `--+-- †Choerosaurus `--+-- †Tetracynodon `--+-- †Scaloposaurus `--+--+-- †Ericiolacerta | `-- †Silphedosuchus `--+-- †Nothogomphodon |--+-- †Ordosiodon | `-- †Hazhenia `--+-- †Antecosuchus |-- †Bauria |-- †Traversodontoides `-- †Microgomphodon Reference(s):
|
After Huttenlocker & Smith, 2017<==o †Therocephalia |== †“Scylacosauridae” `--o †Eutherocephalia |-- †Stylacosuchus `--+-- †Perplexisaurus |--o †Chthonosauridae | |-- †Chthonosaurus | `-- †Ichibengops |--o †Akidnognathidae | |-- †Annatherapsidus | `--+-- USNM PAL 412421 | `--+-- †Akidnognathus parvus | `--+--+-- †Promoschorhynchus platyrhinus | | `-- †Olivierosuchus parringtoni | `--+-- †Euchambersia mirabilis | `--+-- †Cerdosuchoides brevidens | `-- †Moschorhinus kitchingi `--+--o †Whaitsioidea | |-- †Ophidostoma tatarinovi | `--+--+-- †Hofmeyria atavus | | `--+-- †Mirotenthes digitipes | | `-- †Ictidostoma hemburyi | `--o †Whaitsiidae | |-- †Ictidochampsa platyceps | `--+-- †Microwhaitsia mendrezi | `--+-- †Viatkosuchus sumini | `--+-- †Moschowhaitsia vjuschkovi | `-- †Theriognathus microps `--o †Baurioidea |-- †Ictidosuchus primaevus |-- †Ictidosuchoides longiceps |-- †Ictidosuchops intermedius `--o “closed-palate bauroids” |-- †Regisaurus jacobi |-- †Urumchia `--+--+-- †Karenites ornamentatus | `-- †Mupashi |-- †Lycideops longiceps |-- †Choerosaurus dejageri |--o †Tetracynodon | |-- †T. tenuis | `-- †T. darti `--o †Bauriamorpha |-- †Scaloposaurus constrictus `--+--+-- †Ericiolacerta parva | `-- †Silphedosuchus `--+--+-- †Ordosiodon | `-- †Hazhenia |-- †Nothogomphodon `--o †Bauridae |-- †Bauria cynops `--+-- †Antecosuchus |-- †Traversodontoides `-- †Microgomphodon Reference(s):
|
After Ivachnenko, 2011<==o †Therocephalia |--+--o †Nanictidopoidea | | |--o †Hofmeyriidae | | | |-- †Hofmeyria | | | `-- †Gorochovetzia | | `--o †Nanictidopidae | | |-- †Nanictidops | | `-- †Purlovia | `--+--+--o †Ericolacertidae | | | |-- †Silphedosuchus | | | `-- †Ericiolacerta | | `--o †Nothogomphodontoidea | | `--o †Nothogomphodontidae | | |-- †Nothogomphodon | | `-- †Watsoniella | `--o †Bauriida | |--o †Scalopognathidae | | `-- †Scalopognathus | `--o †Bauriidae | |?- †Hazhenia | |?- †Urumchia | |?- †Ordosyodon | |?- †Traversodontoides | |?- ?†Dongusaurus | |-- †Antecosuchus | `-- †Bauria `==o †Lycosuchida |--o †Lycosuchoidea | |--o †Lycosuchidae | | |-- †Lycosuchus | | `-- †Porosteognathus | `--+--o †Kotelcephalonidae | | `-- †Kotelcephalon | `--o †Scylacosaurida | |--o †Scylacosauridae | | |-- †Alopecodon | | |-- †Glanosuchus | | |-- †Ictidosaurus | | |-- †Pardosuchus | | |-- †Pristerognathus | | `-- †Scylacosaurus | `--o †Scylacosuchidae | `-- †Stylacosuchus `--+--o †Perplexisauroidea | `--o †Perplexisauridae | `-- †Perplexisaurus `--o †Scaloposaurida |--o †Ictidosuchoidea | `--o †Ictidosuchidae | |-- †Ictidosuchus | |-- †Scalopodontes | |?- †Ictidosuchoides | `?- †Ichidosuchops `==o †Scaloposauroidea |--o †Karenitidae | |-- Karenites | `?- Scaloporhinus |--+--o †Scaloposauridae | | |-- †Scaloposaurus | | |-- †Scalopolacerta | | `--o †Tetracynodontinae | | |-- †Tetracynodon | | |-- †Homodontosaurus | | |-- †Scaloposuchus | | |?- ?†Scaloporhinus | | |-- †Malasaurus | | `?- ?†Muchia | `--o †Lycideopoidea | |--o †Annatherapsidae | | |-- †Annatherapsidus | | `-- †Chthonosaurus | `--o †Lycideopidae | |-- †Lycideops | `?- †Regisaurus `--o †Moschorhinoidea |--o †Moschorhinidae | |-- †Viatkosuchus | |-- †Moschorhinus | `-- †Promoschorhynchus `--o †Moschowhaitsiidae `-- †Moschowhaitsia |
After Carroll, 1988, Battail & Surkov, 2000, and (partially) Botha, Abdala & Smith, 2007<==o †Therocephalia |?- †Nanictidops |?- †Crapartinella |?- †Simorhinella |?- †Lycideops |?-o †Hofmeyriidae | |-- †Hofmeyria | `-- †Ictidostoma |?-o †Pristerosauria | `--o Scylacosauridae | |-- †Alopecodon | |-- †Glanosuchus | |-- †Ictidosaurus | |-- †Pardosuchus | |-- †Pristerognathus | |-- †Scylacosaurus | |-- †Hexacynodon | `-- †Porosteugnathus |-- †Cyonosaurus `--+-- †Lycosuchus `--o †Eutherocephalia |?-o †Ericolacertidae | |?- †Pedaeosaurus | `-- †Ericiolacerta |--+-- Cynodontia | `--o †Whaitsiidae | |--o †Moschowhaitsiinae | | |-- †Moschowhaitsia | | `-- †Viatkosuchus | `--o †Whaitsiinae | `-- †Theriognathus `--+--o †Moschorhinidae | |-- †Akidnognathus | |-- †Promoschorhynchus | |--o †Annatherapsinae | | |-- †Annatherapsidus | | `-- †Chthonosaurus | |--o †Euchambersiinae | | `-- †Euchambersia | `--o †Moschorhininae | `-- †Moschorhinus `--o †Scaloposauria |?-o †Scaloposauridae | |-- †Nanictocephalus | |-- †Scaloposaurus | |-- †Tetracynodon | |-- †Scalopolacerta | `?- †Zorillodontops `--o †Baurioidea |?- †Scapolognathus |?- †Dongusaurus |--o †Ictidosuchopsidae | |?- †Rhigosaurus | |-- †Ictidosuchus | |-- †Ictidosuchoides | |-- †Ictidosuchops | |-- †Silphoictidoides | |-- †Silphedosuchus | `-- †Regisaurus `--o †Bauridae |--o †Nothogomphodontinae | `-- †Nothogomphodon `--o †Bauriinae |-- †Antecosuchus |-- †Traversodontoides `-- †Bauria |
After van den Heever, 1994 (in reduced form from Huttenlocker, 2009)<==o Eutheriodontia |-- Cynodontia `--o †Therocephalia |--o Pristerosauria | |-- †Lycosuchidae | `-- †Scylacosauridae `--o †Eutherocephalia |
After Hopson & Barghusen, 1986 (in reduced form from Huttenlocker, 2009)<==o Eutheriodontia |-- Cynodontia `--o †Therocephalia |--o Pristerosauria | `-- †Pristerognathidae `--o †Eutherocephalia |-- †Hofmeyriidae `--+-- †Euchambersiidae |--o †Whaitsiidae | |-- †Moschowhaitsia | `-- †Theriognathus `--o †Bauroidea |-- †Ictidosuchidae `--+-- †Ictidosuchopsidae `--+-- †Regisauridae `--+-- †Lycideops [Lycidopsidae] `--+-- †Ericolacertidae `-- †Bauridae |
Reference(s):
- Abdala, F., Kammerer, C. F., Day, M. O., Jirah, S. & Rubidge, B. S., 2014: Adult morphology of the therocephalian Simorhinella baini from the middle Permian of South Africa and the taxonomy, paleobiogeography, and temporal distribution of the Lycosuchidae.
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–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 149, #2, pp. 477-492 - Broom, R., 1936: I–On the structure of the skull in the mammal-like reptiles of the suborder Therocephalia.
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–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
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Special thanks to:
Jos H. M. Dols, for gathering additional information and species.