After Spindler, 2015
<==o Synapsida Osborn, 1903 (yksiohimoaukkoiset amniootit; mammal-like amniotes) `==o “Pelycosauria” Case, 1907? [paraphyletic basal synapsids] |--o †Caseasauria Williston, 1912 sensu Reisz, 1986? | |--o †Eothyrididae Romer & Price, 1940 | | |-- †Oedaleops campi Langston, 1962 | | `--+-- †Eothyris parkeyi Romer, 1937 | | `-- †Vaughnictis smithae (Lewis & Vaughn, 1965) Brocklehurst, Reisz, Fernandez & Fröbisch, 2016 [Mycterosaurus smithae Lewis & Vaughn, 1965] | `-- †Caseidae Williston, 1912 |-- †Varanopseidae (Romer & Price, 1940) Langston & Reisz, 1981 [Varanopsidae (Romer & Price, 1940); Varanopidae (Romer & Price, 1940) Reisz & Dilkes, 2003; Benson, 2012] `--o Metopophora |-- †Ophiacodontidae Nopcsa, 1923 `--o Haplodontiformes Spindler, 2015 [paraphyletic Haplodontinae] |-- †Ianthodon schultzei Kissel & Reisz, 2004 |-- †Eohaptodus garnettensis (Currie, 1977) Spindler, 2015 [Haptodus garnettensis Currie, 1977] |-- †Kenomagnathus scotti Spindler, 2015 [Haptodus garnettensis Currie, 1977 (in partim)] `--+-- †Haptodus beylei Gaudry, 1886 |-- †Tenuacaptor reiszi Spindler, 2015 [Haptodus garnettensis Currie, 1977 (in partim)] `--o Eupelycosauria Kemp, 1982 [Sphenacomorpha Ivakhnenko, 2003] (purjeliskot; nisäkäslikot ja nisäkkäät; fin-backed sphenacodonts, therapsids and mammals) |--+?- †Xyrospondylus ecordi (Peabody, 1957) Reisz, Heaton & Pynn, 1982 [Edaphosaurus ecordi Peabody, 1957] | `-- †Edaphosauridae Cope, 1882 sensu Modesto, 1995 `--o Sphenacodontia Williston 1912 (non Marsh, 1878) sensu Romer & Price, 1940 [PanTherapsida Spindler, 2015; Sphenacodontidae Marsh, 1878 sensu lato] |-- †Cutleria wilmarthi Lewis & Vaughn, 1965 ["Haptodus wilmarthi" (Currie, 1977); Haptodus baylei Gaudry, 1886 (sensu novo (Currie, 1979))] [paraphyletic Haplodontinae] |?- †Hypselohaptodus grandis (Paton, 1974) Spindler, 2015 [em>Haptodus grandis Paton, 1974] `--+-- †Pantelosaurus saxonicus Von Huene, 1925 ["Haptodus saxonicus" (Romer & Price, 1940); Haptodus baylei Gaudry, 1886 (sensu novo (Currie, 1979)] [paraphyletic Haplodontinae] |?- †Palaeohatteria longicaudata Credner, 1888 [nec Palaeosphenodon (Baur, 1889); nec Paleohatteria (Williston, 1912); "Haptodus longicaudatus" (Romer & Price, 1940); Haptodus baylei Gaudry, 1886 (sensu novo (Currie, 1979))] [Palaeohatteriidae] `--+-- †Tetraceratops insignis Matthew, 1908 `--o Sphenacodontoidea Williston 1912 (non Marsh, 1878) |-- Therapsida Broom, 1905 (therapsids, mammal-like synapsids; terapsidit, nisäkäsmäiset synapsidit, ‘nisäkäsliskot’) `-- †Sphenacodontidae Marsh, 1878 (non Williston 1912) sensu stricto
Synapsida incertae sedis:
†Echinerpeton intermedium Reisz, 1972 †Elcabrosaurus baldwini †Nitosaurus jacksonorum Romer, 1937 [AMNH-4796] [Nitosauridae Romer & Price, 1940(?)] †Scoliomus puercensis Williston & Care, 1913 †Wangwosaurus tayuensis Young, 1979 †Nikkasauridae Ivakhnenko, 2000 †Nikkasaurus tatarinovi Ivakhnenko, 2000 †Reiszia Ivakhnenko, 2000 †R. gubini Ivakhnenko, 2000 (Type) †R. tippula Ivakhnenko, 2000 “Haplodontines” [paraphyletic Haplodontinae] †Bathygnathus borealis [AMNH-2325] †Macromerion schwartzenbergii Fritsch, 1879 [Macrornerion (an OCR error)] †Milosaurus mccordi DeMar, 1970
After Spindler, Werneburg, Schneider, Luthardt, Annacker & Rößler, 2018<==o Synapsida `==o “Pelycosauria” |--o †Caseasauria | |-- †Eocasea martini | `--+-- †Eothyris parkeyi | `--+--+-- †Oedaleops campi | | `-- †Vaughnictis smithae | `-- †Caseidae `--o Eupelycosauria |-- †Varanopidae `--o Metopophora |-- †Ophiacodontidae `--o Haplodontiformes |-- †Ianthodon schultzei `--+--+-- †Ianthasaurus hardestiorum | `==> †Edaphosauridae?? `--+-- †“Haptodus” garnettensis `==> Sphenacodontoidea?? Reference(s):
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After Benson, 2012<==o Synapsida |--+-- †Ophiacodontidae | `-- †Varanopidae `--+--o †Caseasauria | |-- †Eothyrididae | `-- †Caseidae `--o Eupelycosauria |-- †Ianthodon schultzei |-- †Edaphosauridae `--o Sphenacodontia [Sphenacodontidae sensu lato] |-- †Haptodus garnettensis `--+-- †Palaeohatteria `--+-- †Pantelosaurus `--o Sphenacodontoidea |-- Therapsida `--+-- †Cutleria `-- †Sphenacodontidae Reference(s):
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After Laurin & Reisz, 1997 [“The Tree of Life”]<==o Synapsida |--o †Caseasauria | |-- †Eothyrididae | `-- †Caseidae `--o Eupelycosauria |-- †Varanopseidae `--+-- †Ophiacodontidae `--+-- †Edaphosauridae `--o Sphenacodontia [Sphenacodontidae sensu lato] |-- †Haptodus `--+-- †Palaeohatteria `--+-- †Pantelosaurus `--+-- †Cutleria `--o Sphenacodontoidea |-- †Sphenacodontidae `-- Therapsida |
After Reisz, 1986 (from Benson, 2012)<==o Synapsida |--o †Caseasauria | |-- †Eothyrididae | `-- †Caseidae `--+-- †Varanopseidae `--+-- †Ophiacodontidae `--+-- †Edaphosauridae `--+-- †Sphenacodontidae `-- Therapsida |
After Brinkman & Eberth, 1983 (from Benson, 2012)<==o Synapsida |--+-- †Varanopseidae | `--o †Caseasauria | |-- †Eothyrididae | `-- †Caseidae `--+-- †Ophiacodontidae `--+-- †Edaphosauridae `--+-- †Sphenacodontidae `-- Therapsida |
After Reisz, 1980 (from Benson, 2012)<==o Synapsida |--o †Caseasauria | |-- †Eothyrididae | `-- †Caseidae `--+-- †Edaphosauridae `--+-- †Ophiacodontidae `--+-- †Varanopseidae `--+-- †Sphenacodontidae `-- Therapsida |
After Romer & Price, 1940 (from Benson, 2012 and Spindler, 2015)<==o Synapsida `==o Ophiacodontia |-- †Eothyrididae |-- †Ophiacodontidae `--+--o †Edaphosauria | |--+== †Nitosauridae | | `-- †Edaphosauridae | `--+== †Lupeosauridae | `-- †Caseidae `--o Sphenacodontia |== †Varanopseidae `==o †Sphenacodontidae |-- †Secodontosaurinae |--+-- †Haplodontinae | `-- †Sphenacodontinae `-- Therapsida |
Reference(s):
- Amson, E. & Laurin, M., 2011: On the Affinities of Tetraceratops insignis, an Early Permian Synapsid.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 56, #2, pp. 301-312 [doi: 10.4202/app.2010.0063] - Benson, R. B. J., 2012: Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies.
–Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 10, #4, pp. 601-624 [doi: 10.1080/14772019.2011.631042] - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Ford, T. L., 2006: Taxonomic lists.
–iNet: Paleofile.com: http://www.paleofile.com/Demo/; [visited: 2006-03-03] - Langston, W. & Reisz, R. R., 1981: Aerosaurus wellesi, new species, a varanopseid mammal-like reptile (Synapsida: Pelycosauria) from the Lower Permian of New Mexico.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 1, #1, pp. 73-96 - Laurin, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1996: The osteology and relationships of Tetraceratops insignis, the oldest known therapsid.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #1, pp. 95-102 - Laurin, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1997-: Synapsida - Mammals and their extinct relatives.
–iNet: Tree of Life - Laurin , M. & Reisz, R. R., 1997-: Autapomorphies of the main clades of synapsids.
–iNet: Tree of Life - Spindler, F., 2014: Reviewing the question of the oldest therapsid.
–Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 548: psf (22), pp. 1-7 - Spindler, F., 2015: The basal Sphenacodontia – systematic revision and evolutionary implications. 1-387
–Doctoral Thesis, Technischen Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften, Geotechnik und Bergbau.
http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-171748 - Spindler, F., Scott, D. & Reisz, R., 2015: New information on the cranial and postcranial anatomy of the early synapsid Ianthodon schultzei (Sphenacomorpha: Sphenacodontia), and its evolutionary significance.
–Fossil Record: Vol. 18, #1, pp. 17-30 [doi: 10.5194/fr-18-17-2015] - Spindler, F., Werneburg, R., Schneider, J. W., Luthardt, L., Annacker, V. & Rößler, R., 2018: First arboreal ‘pelycosaurs’ (Synapsida: Varanopidae) from the early Permian Chemnitz Fossil Lagerstätte, SE Germany, with a review of varanopid phylogeny.
–PalZ: in press [doi: 10.1007/s12542-018-0405-9]
Special thanks to:
Jos H. M. Dols, for gathering additional information and species.