After Wyss & Flynn, 1993, McKenna & Bell, 1997, Alroy, 2002, Wesley-Hunt & Flynn, 2005, Wesley-Hunt & Werdelin, 2005, Spaulding, Flynn & Stucky, 2010, and Solé, Smith, Coillot, Bast & Smith, 2014, with some species from the “Paleobiology Database”
<==o Carnivoramorpha Wyss & Flynn, 1993 [Carnivoramorpha Kalandadze & Rautian, 1992 (nomen nudum?)] [Carnivora sensu lato] |-- †Viverravidae Wortman & Matthew, 1899 [incl. Quercygalidae Kretzoi, 1945; Didymictidae Flynn & Galiano, 1982] [Viverraroidea Wortman & Matthew 1899] `--o Carnivoraformes Flynn, Finarelli & Spaulding, 2010 [paraphyletic Miacoidea Cope, 1883: Miacidae Cope, 1883] |==o †Uintacyon Leidy, 1872d [paraphyletic sensu Solé et al, 2014] | |-- †Uintacyon gingerichi Heinrich, Strait & Houde, 2008 | |-- †Uintacyon rudis Leidy, 1872d | |-- †Xinyuictis tenius sensu Heinrich et al., 2008 [Miacis sensu Gingerich, 1983] | |-- †Zodiocyon zetesios | `--+-- †Uintacyon massetericus Cope, 1882 | `-- †Uintacyon vorax Leidy, 1872d `--+==o †Gracilocyon Smith & Smith 2010 [paraphyletic sensu Solé et al, 2014] | |-- †Gracilocyon winkleri (Wortman, 1901) [†Miacis winkleri Wortman, 1901; Miacis winkleri Gingerich, 1983] | |-- †Gracilocyon solei Smith & Smith 2010 | |?- †Gracilocyon rundlei | `--o †Oodectes Wortman, 1901 [Oödectes Wortman, 1901; Paeneprolimnocyon Guthrie, 1967] | |-- †O. herpestoides Wortman, 1901 [Oodectes proximus Matthew, 1909; Paeneprolimnocyon amissadomus Guthrie, 1967] | |-- †O. jepseni Guthrie, 1967 [Paeneprolimnocyon iudei Guthrie, 1967] | `-- †O. pugnax (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) `==o †Miacis Cope, 1872c [Mimocyon; Xinyuictis] [propably polyphyletic] |-- †“Miacis” petilus Gingerich, 1983 |-- †“Miacis” exiguus Matthew, 1915 |-- †Dormaalocyon latouri (Quinet, 1966) Solé, Smith, Coillot, Bast & Smith, 2014 [Miacis latouri Matthew, 1909??; Miacis latouri Quinet, 1966] |-- †“Miacis” deutschi Gingerich, 1983 |--+--o †Vassacyon Matthew, 1909 [Uintacyon Wortman & Matthew, 1899 (in partim); Prodaphenous Wortman, 1901 (in partim)] | | |-- †V. promicrodon (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) | | |-- †V. bowni Heinrich, Strait & Houde, 2008 | | `-- †V. taxidiotis Solé, Gheerbrant & Godinot, 2013 | `==o †Vulpavus Marsh, 1871b [Phlaodectes] | |-- †V. palustris Marsh, 1871b | |-- †V. profectus Matthew, 1909d | |-- †V. australis Matthew, 1915 [Vulpavus asius Gazin, 1952] | `--+-- †V. ovatus Matthew, 1909d | `-- †Palaearctonyx meadi Matthew, 1909d `--+-- †“Miacis” latidens Matthew, 1915 `--+-- †Miacis parvivorus Cope, 1872c [type] `--+-- †Dawsonicyon isami Spaulding, Flynn & Stucky, 2010; M.Eoc. WNAm. `--+--+-- †“Miacis” medius Matthew, 1909 | `--+-- †“Miacis” washakius Wortman, 1901 | `-- †“Miacis” uintensis `--+-- PM 3868 `--+-- †“Miacis” sylvestris Marsh, 1872 |?- †Prohesperocyon wilsoni (Gustafson, 1986) Wang, 1994 `--+--o †Procynodictis Wortman and Matthew 1899 [Plesiomiacis Simpson 1945] | |-- †P. progressus (Stock 1935) [Viverravus progressus Stock, 1935; Plesiomiacis progressus (Stock) Simpson, 1945] | `-- †P. vulpiceps Wortman & Matthew, 1899 [Miacis gracilis Clark 1939] `--+--o †Tapocyon Stock, 1934 [taxonomic history] | |-- †T. dawsonae Wesley & Flynn, 2003 [taxonomic history] | `-- †T. robustus (Peterson, 1919) [taxonomic history] `--+--o †Quergygale Kretzoi, 1945 sensu Solé, 2014 | |-- †Q. angustidens (Filhol, 1872) Kretzoi, 1945 sensu Wesley-Hunt & Werdelin, 2005 [Viverra angustidens Filhol, 1872; Humbertia Beaumont, 1966] [incl. Viverra hastingsae Davies, 1884; “Cynodon” helveticus (Rütimeyer, 1862)] | |?- †Q. helverica (Rütimeyer, 1862) [“Cynodon” helveticus (Rütimeyer, 1862)] [= Q. angustidens (Filhol, 1872) sensu Wesley-Hunt & Werdelin, 2005] | |?- †Q. hastingsiae (Davies, 1884) [Viverra hastingsae Davies, 1884] [= Q. angustidens (Filhol, 1872) sensu Wesley-Hunt & Werdelin, 2005] | `-- †Q. smithi Solé, 2014 `--o Carnivora Bowdich, 1821 sensu Wyss & Flynn, 1993 (sensu stricto) [Carnivori Vicq d'Azyr, 1792; Carnaria Haeckel, 1866; Carnivoraformes Kinman, 1994] [incl. Fissipeda Blumenbach, 1791; Cynofeliformia Ginsburg, 1982] (carnivores; petoeläimet) |-- Aeluroidea Flower, 1869 [Epimycteri Cope, 1882; Paracarnivora Kretzoi, 1945 (in partim); Aeluropoda Gray, 1869; Feliformia Kretzoi, 1945] (cat-like carnivores; kissamaiset petoeläimet) `-- Caniformia Kretzoi, 1943 (dog-like carnivores; koiramaiset petoeläimet)
Carnivoramorpha incertae sedis:
= taxons not yet phylogentically placed.
†Eosictis avinoffi Scott, 1945
†Elmensius Kretzoi, 1929
†Intyrictis vanvaleni (MacIntyre, 1966) Gingerich & Winkler, 1985 [Bryanictis vanvaleni MacIntyre, 1966]
†Notoamphicyon Ameghino, 1904
†Ravenictis krausei Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994; L.Paleoc. NA. [listed as a cimolestan by McKenna & Bell, 1997]
†“Miacoidea” Cope, 1883
†“Miacidae” Cope, 1883
†Chailicyon Chow, 1975 [a canid?]
†Messelogale kessleri
†Miacis Cope, 1872c [Mimocyon; Xinyuictis]
†“Miacis” australis Gustafson, 1986
†“Miacis”? boqinghensis
†“Miacis” cognitus
†“Miacis” hargeri Wortman, 1901
†“Miacis” hookwayi Stock, 1934
†“Miacis” invictus
†“Miacis” lushiensis
†“Miacis” thailandicus
†“Miacis” rosei Heinrich, Strait & Houde, 2008
†Miocyon Bryant, 1992
†M. major (Matthew, 1909)
†M. scotti (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)
†M. magnus Bryant, 1992
†Paramiacis
†Paroodectes Springhorn, 1980
†Prodaphaemus Wortman, 1901
†Uintacyon Leidy, 1872d [paraphyletic sensu Solé et al, 2014]
?†Uintacyon acutus Thorpe, 1923
†Uintacyon asodes Gazin, 1952
†Uintacyon bathygnathous Scott, 1889 [Uintacyon bathygnathus]
†Uintacyon edax Leidy, 1872d [type]
†Uintacyon jugulans Matthew, 1909
†Uintacyon major Matthew, 1909
†Uintacyon hookeri Solé, 2014
†Vulpavus Marsh, 1871b [Phlaodectes]
†Vulpavus canavus (Cope, 1881) [Miacis brevirostris Cope, 1881]
†Vulpavus completus Matthew, 1909
†Vulpavus farsonensis Gunnell, 1998
†Ziphacodon Marsh, 1872 (nomen dubium, jr. synon. of Viverravus?)
After Solé, Smith, Coillot, Bast & Smith, 2014<==o Carnivoramorpha |-- †Viverravidae `--o Carnivoraformes |--+-- †Uintacyon gingerichi | |-- †Uintacyon rudis | |-- †Xinyuictis tenius | |-- †Zodiocyon zetesios | `--+-- †Uintacyon massetericus | `-- †Uintacyon vorax `--+--+-- †Gracilocyon winkleri | |-- †Gracilocyon solei | |-- †Gracilocyon rundlei | `--o †Oodectes | |-- †O. herpestoides | `-- †O. jepseni `--+-- †“Miacis” petilus |-- †“Miacis” exiguus |-- †Dormaalocyon latouri |-- †“Miacis” deutschi |--+-- †Vassacyon promicrodon | `--+-- †Vulpavus profectus | |-- †Vulpavus palustris | |-- †Vulpavus australis | `--+-- †Vulpavus ovatus | `-- †Palaearctonyx `--+-- †“Miacis” latidens `--+-- †Miacis parvivorus `--+-- †Dawsonicyon isami `--+--+-- †“Miacis” medius | `--+-- †“Miacis” washakius | `-- †“Miacis” uintensis `--+-- PM 3868 `--+-- †“Miacis” sylvestris `--+-- †Procynodictis vulpiceps `--+-- †Tapocyon robustus `--+-- †Quercygale `--o Carnivora |-- †Nimravidae `--+-- Feliformia `-- Caniformia Reference(s):
|
After Spaulding, Flynn & Stucky, 2010<==o Carnivoramorpha |-- †Viverravidae `--o “Miacidae” |-- †Oödectes herpestoides `--+-- †Vulpavus ovatus |-- †Vulpavus profectus `--+-- †Miacis parvivorus `--+-- †Dawsonicyon isami |-- †Quercygale |-- †Tapocyon robustus |--+-- †“Miacis” sylvestris | `--+-- †“Miacis” uintensis | `-- †Procynodictis vulpiceps `--o Carnivora |-- †Nimravidae |-- Feliformia `-- Caniformia Reference(s):
|
After Polly, Wesley-Hunt, Heinrich, Davis & Houde, 2006<==o Carnivoramorpha |-- †Viverravidae `--o “Miacidae” |-- †Oödectes herpestoides |-- †Vulpavus ovatus |-- †Vulpavus profectus `--+-- †Miacis parvivorus `--+--+-- †“Miacis” sylvestris | `-- †Prohesperocyon wilsoni `--+-- †Tapocyon robustus `--o Carnivora |-- Feliformia `-- Caniformia Reference(s):
|
After Wesley-Hunt & Werdelin, 2005<==o Carnivoramorpha |-- †Viverravidae `--o “Miacidae” |-- †Miacis parvivorus |-- †Oödectes herpestoides |--+-- †Vulpavus ovatus | `-- †Vulpavus profectus `--+--+-- †Tapocyon robustus | `--+-- †“Miacis” cf. sylvestris | `-- †Prohesperocyon wilsoni `--+-- †Quercygale angustidens `--o Carnivora |-- †Nimravidae |-- Feliformia `-- Caniformia Reference(s):
|
After Wesley-Hunt & Flynn, 2005<==o Carnivoramorpha |-- †Viverravidae `--o “Miacidae” |-- †Oödectes herpestoides `--+--+-- †Vulpavus ovatus | `-- †Vulpavus profectus `--+-- †Miacis parvivorus `--+--+-- †“Miacis” sylvestris | `-- †Prohesperocyon wilsoni `--+-- †Tapocyon robustus `--o Carnivora |--o Feliformia | |-- †Nimravidae | `-- Feloidea `--o Caniformia |--+-- †“Miacis” cognitus | `-- †Amphicyonidae `-- Canoidea Reference(s):
|
After Wyss & Flynn, 1993 (fig. 4.3)<==o Carnivoramorpha |-- †“Miacidae” `--+-- †“Viverravidae” `--o Carnivora |--o Feliformia | |-- †Nimravidae | `--o Feloidea | |-- Herpestidae | |-- Viverridae | `--+-- Hyaenidae | `-- Felidae `--o Caniformia |-- Canidae `--o Arctoidea |--o Mustelidae | |-- Melinae | |-- Mustelinae | `--+-- Mephitinae | `-- Lutrinae `--+-- Procyonidae `--+-- Ailurus `--o Ursida |--o Ursoidea | |-- †Amphicyonidae | `-- Ursidae `--o Pinnipedia |-- Otariidae `--+-- Odobenidae `--o Phocoidea |-- †Desmatophocidae `-- Phocidae Reference(s):
|
Reference(s):
- Alroy, J., 2002: North American fossil mammal systematics database.
–iNet: North American fossil mammal systematics database: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/nafmsd.html - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Gebo, D. L. & Rose, K. D., 1993: Skeletal morphology and locomotor adaptation in Prolimnocyon atavus, an Early Eocene hyaenodontid creodont.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 13, #1, pp. 125-144 - Heinrich, R. E., Strait, S. G. & Houde, P., 2008: Earliest Eocene Miacidaqe (Mammalia: Carnivora) from northwestern Wyoming.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 82, #1, pp. 154-162 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Polly, P. D., Wesley-Hunt, G. D., Heinrich, R. E., Davis, G. & Houde, P., 2006: Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-group Carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia).
–Palaeontology: Vol. 49, #5, pp. 1019-1027 - Solé, F., 2014: New carnivoraforms from the early Eocene of Europe and their bearing on the evolution of the Carnivoraformes.
–Palaeontology: Vol. 57, #5, pp. 963-978 [doi: 10.1111/pala.12097] - Solé, F., Smith, R., Coillot, T., Bast, E. D. & Smith, T., 2014: Dental and tarsal anatomy of ‘Miacis’ latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 34, #1, pp. 1-21 [doi: 10.1080/02724634.2013.793195] - Spaulding, M. & Flynn, J. J., 2012: Phylogeny of the Carnivoramorpha: The impact of postcranial characters.
–Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 10, #4, pp. 653-677 [doi: 10.1080/14772019.2011.630681] - Spaulding, M., Flynn, J. J. & Stucky, R. K., 2010: A new basal carnivoramorphan (Mammalia) from the ‘Bridger B’ (Black's Fork Member, Bridger Formation, Bridgerian NALMA, Middle Eocene) of Wyoming, USA.
–Palaeontology: Vol. 53, #4, pp. 815-832 [doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00963.x] - Wesley-Hunt, G. D. & Flynn, J. J., 2005: Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the Carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of ‘Miacoidea’ relative to Carnivora.
–Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 3, #1, pp. 1-28 - Wesley, G. D. & Flynn, J. J., 2003: A revision of Tapocyon (Carnivoramorpha), including analysis of the first cranial specimens and identification of a new species.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 77, #4, pp. 769-783 - Wesley-Hunt, G. D. & Werdelin, L., 2005: Basicranial morphology and phylogenetic position of the upper Eocene carnivoramorphan Quercygale.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 50, #4, pp. 837-846 [http://app.pan.pl/acta50/app50.837.pdf] - Wyss, A. R. & Flynn, J. J., 1993: A phylogenetic analysis and definition of the Carnivora. 32-52.
in Szalay, F. S., Novacek, M. J. & McKenna, M. C., (eds.) 1993: Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals.
–Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, London, Paris, Tokio, Hong Kong, Barcelona, Budapest, 1993