After Martill, Tischlinger & Longrich, 2015
Alternative phylogeny of basal snakes after Caldwell, Nydam, Palci & Apesteguía, 2015
Alternative phylogeny of basal snakes after Zaher, 1998, Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn, & Jacobs, 2000, Zaher & Rieppel, 2002, and Rieppel, Kluge & Zaher, 2002
<==o Ophidia Linnaeus, 1758 sensu Lee & Caldwell, 2000; Martill, Tischlinger & Longrich, 2015 [Serpentes Linnaeus, 1758 sensu lato] (snakes; käärmeet) |-- †Diablophis gilmorei (Evans, 1996) Caldwell, Nydam, Palci & Apesteguía, 2015 [Parviraptor gilmorei Evans, 1996] |-- †Eophis underwoodi Caldwell, Nydam, Palci & Apesteguía, 2015 |-- †Parviraptor estesi Evans, 1994 |-- †Portugalophis lignites Caldwell, Nydam, Palci & Apesteguía, 2015 `--+--o †Coniophidae Hoffstetter, 1955 sensu Martill, Tischlinger & Longrich, 2015 | |?- †Tetrapodophis amplectus Martill, Tischlinger & Longrich, 2015 [nomen dubium, type inaccessible and in private collection] | `--o †Coniophis Marsh, 1892 | |-- †C. cosgriffi Armstrong-Ziegler, 1978 | |-- †C. precedens Marsh, 1892 | |-- †C. carinatus McGrew, Hecht, Hummel, Simpson & Wood, 1959 | |-- †C. platycarinatus McGrew, Hecht, Hummel, Simpson & Wood, 1959 | `-- †C. dabeidus Rage & Werner, 1999 `--+-- †Najash rionegrina Apesteguía & Zaher, 2006 `--+-- †Dinilysia patagonica Smith-Woodward, 1901 sensu Zaher, 1998 [Dinilysiidae McDowell, 1987] `--+-- †Madtsoiidae Hoffstetter, 1961 sensu Scanlon & Lee, 2000 `--o Serpentes Linnaeus, 1758 sensu Martill, Tischlinger & Longrich, 2015 |-- Scolecophidia Duméril & Bibron, 1844 [Scolecophidia Cope, 1864; Typhlopoidea Merrem, 1820] (blind snakes, thread snakes; sokkokäärmeet) `--+--o †Pachyophiidae Nopcsa, 1923 sensu Caldwell & Lee, 1997 [Pachyrhachidae; ?Simoliophidae] | |?- †Pachyophis woodwardi Nopsca, 1923 | |?- †Mesophis nopcsai Bolkay, 1925 | |-- †Haasiophis terrasanctus (Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn & Jacobs, 2000) Polcyn, Tchernov & Jacobs, 2003 [Haasia Polcyn, Tchernov & Jacobs, 1999; non Haasia Bollman, 1893 (Myriapoda) nor Haasia Yuan, 1988 (Trilobita)] | `--+-- †Eupodophis descouensi (Rage & Escuiillié, 2000) Rage & Escuillié, 2002 [Podophis descouensi Rage & Escuiillié, 2000] | `-- †Pachyrhachis problematicus Haas, 1979 (1980?) [Ophiomorphus colberti; Estesius colberti] `--o Alethinophidia Nopcsa, 1923 |?-o Lapparentophidae Hoffstetter, 1968 | |?- †Lapparentopheidae genera et species indet. 1 [Sudan] | |?- †Lapparentopheidae genera et species indet. 2 [Sudan] | |?- †Pouitella pervetus Rage, 1988 | `-- †Lapparentophis defrennei Hoffstetter, 1960 `--+?-o †Simoliophis Sauvage, 1880 [Simoliophidae] | |-- †S. rochebrunei Sauvage, 1880 | `-- †S. lybicus Nessov et al., 1998 |-- Anilioidea Stejneger, 1907 (telakäärmeensukuiset) `-- Macrostomata Ritgen, 1828 (?Müller, 1831)
Serpentes incertae sedis:
Many of these are probably madtsoniids or booids.
Ophidium Linnaeus, 1758 (nomen nudum)
†Paleopython
†Palaeophidae Lydekker, 1888
After Martill, Tischlinger & Longrich, 2015<==o Ophidia |-- †Diablophis |-- †Eophis |-- †Parviraptor |-- †Portugalophis `--+--o †Coniophidae | |-- †Tetrapodophis | `-- †Coniophis `--+-- †Najash `--+-- †Dinilysia `--+-- †Madtsoiidae `--o Serpentes |-- Scolecophidia `--+--o †Pachyophiidae | |-- †Haasiophis | `--+-- †Eupodophis | `-- †Pachyrhachis `--o Alethinophidia |-- Anilioidea `-- Macrostomata reference(s):
|
After Caldwell, Nydam, Palci & Apesteguía, 2015<==o Serpentes |-- †Diablophis |-- †Eophis |-- †Parviraptor |-- †Portugalophis `--+-- †Dinilysia `--+--o †Madtsoiidae | |-- †Sanajeh | `--+-- †Yurlunggur | `-- †Wonambi `--+-- †Najash `--+-- †Coniophis `--+-- Scolecophidia `--o Alethinophidia |-- Uropeltidae `--+-- Anilius `--+--o †Pachyophiidae | |-- †Haasiophis | `--+-- †Pachyrachis | `-- †Eupodophis `-- Macrostomata Reference(s):
|
After Zaher, 1998, Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn, & Jacobs, 2000, Zaher & Rieppel, 2002, and Rieppel, Kluge & Zaher, 2002<==o Serpentes |?- †Pachyophis `--+?- †Coniophis |?- †Palaeophidae `--+?-o Scolecophidia (sokkokäärmeet) | |-- Leptotyphlopidae | `--+-- Typhlopidae | `-- Anomalepididae `--+?- †Dinilysia `--o Alethinophidia |-- †Lapparentophis `--+-- †Simoliophis |-- Anilioidea `-- Macrostomata |
After Scanlon, & Lee, 2000<==o Serpentes |-- †Pachyophiidae `--+-- †Dinilysia |-- †Madtsoiidae `--+-- Scolecophidia `--o Alethinophidia |-- Anilioidea `-- Macrostomata Reference(s):
|
After Zaher, 1998<==o Serpentes |-- Scolecophidia `--+-- †Dinilysia `--o Alethinophidia |-- Anilioidea `--+-- †Pachyrachis `-- Macrostomata Reference(s):
|
After Caldwell & Lee, 1997<==o Ophidia |-- †Pachyrachis `--o Serpentes |-- Scolecophidia `-- Alethinophidia Reference(s):
|
Reference(s):
- Apesteguáa, S. & Zaher, H., 2006: A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum.
–Nature: Vol. 440, pp. 1037-1040 - Caldwell, M. W. & Albino, A., 2002: Exceptionally preserved skeletons of the Cretaceous snake Dinilysia patagonica Woodward, 1901.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #4, pp. 861-866 - Caldwell, M. W. & Lee, M. S. Y., 1997: A snake with legs from the marine Cretaceous of the Middle East.
–Nature: Vol. 386, #6626, pp. 705-709 [doi: 10.1038/386705a0] - Caldwell, M. W., Nydam, R. L., Palci, A. & Apesteguía, S., 2015: The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution.
–Nature Communications: Vol. 6, art.num. 5996, pp. 1-11 [doi: 10.1038/ncomms6996] - Holman, J. A. 1982: Palaeophis casei, new species, a tiny palaeophid snake from the Early Eocene of Mississippi.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: vol. 2, #2,, pp. 163-166 - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 5: Kalat, sammakkoeläimet, matelijat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beauté Du Monde Animal: IX Reptiles/Amphibiens & X Poissons.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968 - Lee, M. S. Y., 1997: The phylogeny of varanoid lizards and the affinities of snakes.
–Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Biology): Vol. 352, #1349, pp. 53-91 [doi: 10.1098/rstb.1997.0005] - Martill, D. M., Tischlinger, H. & Longrich, N. R., 2015: A four-legged snake from the Early Cretaceous of Gondwana.
–Science: Vol. 349, #6246, pp. 416-419 [doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9208] - Parmley, D. & Case, G. R., 1988: Palaeopheid snakes from the Gulf coastal region of North America.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 8, #3, pp. 334-339 - Rage, J. C. & Werner, C., 1999: Mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) snakes from Wadi Abu Hashim, Sudan: The earliest snake assemblage.
–Palaeontologia Africana: Vol. 35, pp. 85-110 - Rieppel, O. C., Kluge, A. G. & Zaher, H., 2002: Testing the phylogenetic relationships of the Pleistocene snake Wonambi naracoortensis Smith.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #4, pp. 812-829 - Scanlon, J. D. & Lee, M. S. Y., 2000: The pleistocene serpent Wonambi and the early evolution of snakes.
–Nature: Vol. 403, #6768, pp. 416-420 [doi: 10.1038/35000188] - Tchernov, E., Rieppel, O., Zaher, H., Polcyn, M., J., & Jacobs, L., L., 2000: A fossil snake with limbs.
–Science: Vol. 287, 17 March, pp. 2010-2012 - Uetz, P., Etzold, T. & Chenna, R., 1995–: The Reptile Database
–iNet: http://www.reptile-database.org/ - Welch, K. R. G., 1995: Snakes of the World, a checklist, Vol 2: Boas, pythons, shieldtails and worm snakes.
–R & A Research and Information Ltd., KCM Books. 1-91 - Westgate, J. W. & Ward, J. F. 1981: The giant aquatic snake Pterosphenus schuberti (Palaeophidae) in Arkansas and Missisippi.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: vol. 1, #2, pp. 161-164. - Zaher, H. 1998: The phylogenetic position of Pachyrhachis within snakes (Squamata, Lepidosauria).
–Journal or Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 18, #1, pp. 1-3 - Zaher, H. & Rieppel, O. C., 2002: On the phylogenetic relationships of the Cretaceous snakes with legs, with special reference to Pachyrachis problematicus (Squamata, Serpentes).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #1, pp. 104-109