After Chiappe, Ji, Ji & Norell, 1999, Paul, 2002, Zhou & Zheng, 2002b, and Chiappe, 2002
Alternative [older] phylogeny of Basal Aves after Chiappe, 1995, 1998, Chiappe, Ji, Ji & Norell, 1999, Paul, 2002 and Zhou & Zheng, 2002b
Alternative phylogeny of Basal Aves after Hou et al., 1996, Hou et al., 1999 & Feduccia, 1996.
Alternative phylogeny after Marya´nska, Osmólska & Wolsan, 2002.
<==o Aves Linnaeus, 1758 sensu lato (linnut, birds) |--o Archaeopterygidae Huxley, 1871 [Archaeopterygiformes] | |?- †Protarchaeopteryx robusta Ji & Ji, 1997 [=? Incisivosaurus gauthieri Xu, Cheng, Wang & Chang, 2002, an oviraptorid] | `--o †Archaeopteryx von Meyer, 1861 [taxonomic history] (urvogel; liskolintu) | |-- †A. lithographica von Meyer, 1861 [Synonyms] | `-- †A. siemensii Dames, 1897 sensu Mayr, Pohl, Hartman & Peters, 2007 [Synonyms] `==o Jeholornithidae Zhou & Zhang, 2006 [Jeholornithiformes Zhou & Zhang, 2006] |?- †Dalianraptor cuhe Gao & Liu, 2005; L.Cret. EAs. [forgery suspected] |--o †Jeholornis Zhou & Zhang, 2002b sensu Lefèvre, Hu, Escuillié, Dyke & Godefroit, 2014; L.Cret. EAs. | |-- †J. prima Zhou & Zhang, 2002b [?Shenzhouraptor sinensis Ji et al., 2002] | |-- †J. palmapenis O’Connor, Sun, Xu, Wang & Zhou, 2012 | `-- †J. curvipes Lefèvre, Hu, Escuillié, Dyke & Godefroit, 2014 `--+-- †Jixiangornis orientalis Ji et al., 2002; L.Cret. EAs. `--o Avebrevicauda Paul, 2002 (birds with pygostyle; pygostyliset linnut) |--o †Sapeornithidae [incl.? Omnivoropterygiformes: Omnivoropterygidae Czerkas & Ji, 2002] | |?- †Omnivoropteryx sinousaorum Czerkas & Ji, 2002 [sr. synon. of Sapeornis?] | `-- †Sapeornis chaoyangensis Zhou & Zhang, 2002a [Didactylornis jii Yuan, 2008; Sapeornis angustis Provini, Zhou & Zhang, 2009; Shenshiornis primita Hu et al., 2010] `--o Pygostylia Chatterjee, 1997 |--o †Confuciusornithidae Hou et al., 1995 | |?- †Eoconfuciusornis zhengi Zhang, Zhou & Benton, 2008 | |?- †Evgenavis nobilis O'Connor, Averianov & Zelenkov,, 2014 [a single partial right tarsometatarsus] | |-- †Zhongornis haoae Gao et al., 2008 [juveline] | `--+-- †Changchengornis hengdaoziensis Ji, Chiappe & Ji, 1999 | `-- †Confuciusornis sanctus Hou et al., 1995 [taxonomic history] `--o Ornithothoraces Chiappe & Calvo, 1994 (modern rib-cased birds; nykyrintakehäiset linnut) |-- †Enantiornithes Walker, 1981 [Enantiornithomorpha Chiappe et al. 1999] ("opposite birds"; vastalinnut) `-- Ornithuromorpha Chiappe, Ji, Ji & Norell, 1999 [Ornithurae sensu Feduccia 1996; Euornithes sensu Sereno, 2005] (ornithurines, modernlike birds; nykylintumaiset linnut)
Avialae/Aves incertae sedis:
†Gallornis straeleni [nomen dubium] L. Cret. WEu.
†Wyleyia valdensis Harrison & Walker, 1973; L. Cret. WEu. [nomen dubium]
†Platanavis nana Nessov, 1992; U. Cret. CAs.
†Yandangornis longicaudatus Cai & Zhao, 1999 [Yandangornithiformes: Yandangornithidae:] [Non-Avialaen theropod?]
Some phylogenetic defenitions:
- Metornithes = All Aves closer to Neornithes than Archaeopteryx
- Avebrevicauda = All birds possessing shortened tail and tailbone.
- Pygostylia = Last common ancester of Confuciusornis and Neornithes, and all it's descents
- Enantiornithes = All birds closer to Enantiornis leali than Passer domesticus
- Ornithuromorpha = All birds closer to Passer domesticus than Enantiornis leali
After Foth, Tischlinger & Rauhut, 2014 (ext. fig. 7)<==o Avialae |--+-- †Xiaotingia | `--+-- †Pedopenna | |-- †Anchiornis | `-- †Eosinopteryx `--+-- †Archaeopteryx `--+-- †Balaur `--+-- †Epidexipteryx `--+-- †Sapeornis `--+-- †Jeholornis `--+-- †Jixiangornis `--+-- †Confuciusornis `--+-- †Enantiornithes `-- Ornithuromorpha Reference(s):
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After Hou et al., 1996, Hou et al., 1999 & Feduccia, 1996This is an alternative phylogeny [actually deductive, non-computer assisted phylogeny] of basal birds. It represents view of Alan Feduccia and some of his collaborators and students. They belive that Archaeopteryx, Confuciusornithidae and Enantiornithes form a monophyletic group, Saururae, which separated from ancestors of Ornithurae [= Ornithuromorpha] at Middle Jurassic times (180–160 Ma). Alan Feduccia has also been in vocal opposition of the current orthodoxy, that regards birds as specialiced theropod dinosaurs. Unfortunately Mr. Feduccia or any of his supporters haven't come up with a detailed phylogenetic analysis that supports their views. <==o Aves sensu traditionalis |--o Saururae Haeckel, 1866 | |--o Archaeopterygiformes | | |?- †Rahonavis | | |?- †Protarchaeopteryx | | |?- †Jeholornis | | `--o †Archaeopterygidae | | `-- †Archaeopteryx | `--+?- †Alvarezsauridae | `--+--o †Confuciusornithidae | | |-- †Changchengornis | | `-- †Confuciusornis | `-- †Enantiornithes `-- Ornithurae |
After Marya´nska, Osmólska & Wolsan, 2002, Paul, 2002, and Zhou & Zheng, 2002bIn 2002A phylogenetic analysis by Marya`nska et al., finally formalized something that had been in the air last 15 years, ever since Gregory S. Paul published his book "Predatory Dinosaurs of the World" (1988). Greg has further elaboreted this view in his most recent book "Dinosaurs of the Air". In their analysis Marya`nska et al., boldly point out that Oviraptors, which has been considerd as closely related, but primally flightless relatives of Avialae, are actually secondarily flightless and within Avialea as flightless birds! In their analysis, Marya`nska et al., don't include Ornithothoracine birds, thus I have been forced to regard that they think that oviraptors are a sister group of Avebrevicauda as defined by Paul (2002) Recent found of a long-tailed, dromaeosaur-like bird, Jeholornis and famous four-winged dromaeosaur Microraptor gui, gives more concrete evidence to support Greg's view of a secondarily flightless dino-birds. <==o Avialae `--o Aves |?- †Wyleyia |--o †Archaeopterygidae | `-- †Archaeopteryx `--+?- †Rahonavis |-- †Jeholornis |-- †Deinonychosauria `--o Metornithes |-- †Oviraptorosauria `--o Avebrevicauda |-- †Sapeornis `--o Pygostylia |--o †Confuciusornithidae | |-- †Changchengornis | `-- †Confuciusornis `--o Ornithothoraces |-- †Enantiornithes `-- Ornithuromorpha |
After Chiappe, 1995, 1998, Chiappe, Ji, Ji & Norell, 1999, Paul, 2002 and Zhou & Zheng, 2002bThis tree presents older view of Luis M. Chiappe [1995, 1998]. At that time he treated Alvarezsaurids as very strange basal birds, more advanced than Archaeopteryx, but still very primitive. More recently he has placed Alvarezsaurids outside Aves altogether. (Chiappe, 2002) <==o Aves |--o Archaeopterygidae | |-- †Protarchaeopteryx | `-- †Archaeopteryx `--+?- †Rahonavis |-- †Jeholornis `--o Metornithes Chiappe, 1995 |?- †Alvarezsauridae `--o Avebrevicauda |-- †Sapeornis `--o Pygostylia |--o †Confuciusornithidae | |-- †Changchengornis | `-- †Confuciusornis `--o Ornithothoraces |-- †Enantiornithes `-- Ornithuromorpha |
Basal Avialae after Zhou, Zhang & Li, 2010<==o Aves |-- †Archaeopteryx `--+-- †Sapeornis `--+-- †Jeholornis `--+-- †Zhongjiaornis `--+-- †Confuciusornis `--+-- †Enantiornithes `-- Ornithuromorpha |
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