Alternative phylogeny of neognathous birds after Olson, 1985, Feduccia, 1980, 1996, Ericson, 1996, Caspers, Uit de Weerd, Wattel, & de Jong,, 1997, van Tuinen, Sibley & Hedges, 2000, Carcía-Moreno & Mindell, 2000, van Tuinen, Butvill, Kirsch & Hedges, 2001, and Murray & Vickers-Rich, 2004
Alternative phylogeny of neognathous birds after Meyr & Clarke, 2003
After Livezey & Zusi, 2001
<==o Neognathia Huxley, 1867 [Neognathe] (uusleukaiset; neognathous modern birds) |--o Galloanseres | |-- Galliformes (kanalinnut; fowls, chickens) | `-- Anseriformes (sorsalinnut; ducks, swans & geese) `--+-- Cariamae (käärmekurkimaiset nykylinnut) `--+-- Pelecaniformes (pelikaanilinnut; pelecans, sulas, anhingas and cormorants (shags)) `--+--+--+-- Vulturides [Cathartides] (kondoriensukuiset linnut; new world vultures and related forms) | | `-- Falconiformes (päiväpetolinnut; falcons, hawks, eagles, etc.) | `--+-- Steatornithidae (rasvalinnut; oilbirds) | `--o Ciconiiformes sensu lato? | |-- Ardeiidae (haikarat; herons) [possibly gruiforms] | `--+--o Scopus (hammercops; varjohaikarat) [Scopidae] | | |-- †S. xenopus | | `-- S. umbretta (varjohaikara; hammercop) | `--+-- Plataleidae [Threskiornithidae] (iibikset; ibises) [possibly charadriforms (Olson, 1985)] | `-- Ciconiidae (kattohaikarat; storks) `--+-- Otididae (bustards; trapit) `--+--+-- Burnithidae (paksujalat; thick-knees) | `--+-- Rhynocheti (kagut; kagus) | `--+--o Gruoidea | | |-- Gruidae [incl. Aramidae] (kurjet) | | `--+--o Opisthocomidae [Opisthocomiformes] (hoazins; haisulinnut) | | | |?- †Hoatzi sp. | | | |-- †Hoazinoides magdalenae Miller, A.H., 1953 | | | `-- Opisthocomus hoazin (hoazin; töyhtökana, haisulintu) | | `--o Psophia (kyssäkurjet) [Psophidae] | | |-- P. crepitans (kyssäkurki) | | |-- P. leucoptera (perunkyssäkurki) | | `-- P. viridis (brasiliankyssäkurki) | `--+-- Eurypygoidea (aurinkokurjet) | `--+-- Phoenicopteriformes (flamingolinnut; flamingoes) | `--+-- Podicipediformes (grabes; uikkulinnut) | `--+-- Gaviiformes Wetmore & Miller, 1926 (kuikkalinnut; loons) | `--+-- Sphenisciformes (pingviinilinnut; penguins) | `-- Procellariiformes (ulappalinnut; shearwaters, albatrosses and storm petrels) `--+--+--o Mesitornithidae (kyyhkyrääkät) | | |-- Monias benschi (arokyyhkyrääkkä) | | `--o Mesitornis (kyyhkyrääkät) | | |-- M. variegata (kirjokyyhkyrääkkä) | | `-- M. unicolor (ruskokyyhkyrääkkä) | `--+-- Turnicidae ["Turnaciformes"] (lyhytjalkajuoksijat) | |--+-- Pteroclididae [Pteroclidiformes] (hietakanat) | | `-- Columbidae [incl. Raphidae] | `-- Charadriiformes `--+-- Musophagidae [Musophagiformes] (turakot) `--+--o Coliimorphae (mousebird-like birds; hiirolintujenkaltaiset) | |?- †Sandcoleiformes | `-- Coliiformes (hiirolinnut; mousebirds) `--+--+-- Rallidae [Ralli] (rantakanat) | `--o Heliornithidae [Heliornithes] (uimarikanat, uikkukanat) | |-- Heliornis fulica (amerikanuikkukana) | |-- Podica senegalensis (afrikanuikkukana) | `-- Heliopais personata (aasianuikkukana) `--+--+-- Coraciiformes part 1 [=? Coraciiformes s.s.??] | `-- Psittaciformes (papukaijalinnut; parrots) `--+--o "Pico-Passeri" (tikka-varpuslinnut) | |-- Piciformes part 1 [= Galbulae??] (tikkalinnut; woodpeckers) | `-- Passeriformes (varpuslinnut; songbirds) `--+-- Coraciiformes part 2 [=? Alcediniformes (incl. Trogoniformes)] (kuningaskalastajalinnut; kingfishers) `--+--+-- Coraciiformes part 3 [=? Bucerotiformes??] | `-- Cuculidae [Cuculiformes] (käkilinnut) `--+-- Piciformes part 2 [=? Pici??] (tikkalinnut; woodpeckers) `--+-- Coraciiformes part 4 `--+-- Strigiformes (pöllölinnut; owls) `--o "Caprimulgimorphae" |== Caprimulgiformes (kehrääjälinnut; goatsuckers, nightjars) [paraphyletic] `-- Apodiformes (kirskulinnut; swifts & hummingbirds)
Reference(s):
- Ericson, P. G. P. 1996: Systematic relationships of the Palaeogene family Presbyornithidae (Aves: Anseriformes).
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: vol. 121, #4, pp. 429-483 - Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1996: The origin and evolution of birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1996, xii-420 - Livezey, B. C. & Zusi, R. L., 2001: Higher-order phylogenetics of modern Aves based on comperative anatomy.
–Netherlands Journal of Zoology: Vol. 51, #2, pp. 179-205 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985 - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990, xxiv-1111