After Grimaldi & Engel, 2005, and Moreau, Bell, Vila, Archibald & Pierce, 2006, with placement of some fossil genera after Perrichot, Lacau, Néraudeau & Nel, 2007
Alternative (older) phylogeny of ants after Parker, 1982 and “The Tree of Life”
<==o Formicidae Latreille, 1809 (ants; muurahaiset) |?-o †Afropone | |-- †A. oculata | `-- †A. orapa |?-o †Afromyrma | `-- †A. petrosa |?- †Myanmyrma gracilis |?-o †Sphecomyrminae Wilson & Brown, 1967 | |?-o †Baikuris | | |-- †B. casei | | |-- †B. mandibularis | | `-- †B. mirabilis | |?- †Brownimecia clavata | |?-o †Cretomyrma | | |-- †C. arnoldi | | `-- †C. unicorni | |?= other sphecomyrmines? | |--o †Sphecomyrmecini Wilson & Brown, 1967 sensu Bolton, 2003 | | |--o †Sphecomyrma | | | |-- †S. freyi | | | |-- †S. mesaki | | | |-- †S. canadensis | | `--o †Sphecomyrmodes Engel & Grimaldi,2005 | | |-- †S. orientalis Engel & Grimaldi,2005 | | `-- †S. occidentalis Perrichot, Nel, Néraudeau, Lacau & Guyot, 2007 | `--o †Haidomyrmecini Bolton, 2003 | |-- †Haidomyrmex cerberus Dlussky, 1996 | `-- †Haidomyrmodes mammuthus Perrichot, Nel, Néraudeau, Lacau & Guyot, 2007; Cret. WEu. |?-o Martialinae Rabeling & Verhaagh, in Rabeling, Brown & Verhaagh, 2008 | `-- Martialis heureka Rabeling & Verhaagh, in Rabeling, Brown & Verhaagh, 2008 |--o Leptanillinae Emery, 1910 | |--o Anomalomyrmini Taylor, 1990 | | |-- Anomalomyrma | | `-- Protanilla | `--o Leptanillini Emery, 1910 | |-- Leptanilla | |-- Phaulomyrma | `-- Yavnella `--+--+--+--o Proceratiinae | | | |--o Probolomyrmecini | | | | `-- Probolomyrmex | | | `--o Proceratiini | | | |-- Discothyrea | | | `-- Proceratium | | `-- Amblyoponinae Forel, 1893 [Apomyrminae Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988] | `--+--+--o Agroecomyrmecinae | | | `--o Agroecomyrmecini | | | |-- †Agroecomyrmex | | | |-- †Eulithomyrmex | | | `--o Tatuiris | | | `-- T. tatuis | | `--o Paraponerinae | | `--o Paraponerini | | `--o Paraponera | | `-- P. clavata | `--+?- †Canapone dentata | |?- †Kyromyrma neffi | `-- Ponerinae (pistimuurahaiset) `--+--+== “Cerapachyinae” Forel, 1893 [paraphyletic, incl. Leptanilloidinae] | `--+--o Ecitoninae Forel, 1893 | | |?-o Cheliomyrmecini Wheeler, 1921 | | | `-- Cheliomyrmex | | `--o Ecitonini Forel, 1893 | | |--+--o Labidus | | | | `-- L. spininodis | | | `--o Neivamyrmex | | | `-- N. nigrescens | | `--+--o Nomamyrmex | | | `-- N. esenbeckii | | `--o Eciton | | `-- E. hamatum | `--+?-o Aenictogiton Emery, 1901 [ Aenictogitoninae Ashmead, 1905] | | |-- A. attenuatus | | |-- A. bequaerti | | |-- A. elongatus | | |-- A. emeryi | | |-- A. fossiceps | | |-- A. schoutedeni | | `-- A. sulcatus | |--o Dorylinae Leach, 1815 (valtajamuurahaiset) | | `--o Dorylini Leach, 1815 (valtajamuurahaiset) | | `--o Dorylus Fabricius, 1793 | | |?- D. wilverthi | | |?- D. mayri | | |--o (Alaopone) | | |--o (Anomma) | | | `-- D. (A.) kohli | | |--o (Dichthadia) | | |--o (Dorylus) | | |--o (Rhogmus) | | `--o (Typhlopone) | `--o Aenictinae Emery, 1901 | `--o Aenictini Emery, 1901 | `--o Aenictus Shuckard, 1840 | |-- A. acerbus | |-- A. aratus | |-- A. diclops | |-- A. hilli | |-- A. nesiotis | |-- A. philiporum | |-- A. prolixus | `-- A. turneri `--+--+?- Nothomyrmeciinae | |-- Myrmeciinae Emery, 1877 | `--o Pseudomyrmecinae | `--o Pseudomyrmecini | |-- Tetraponera | `-- Pseudomyrmex `--+?- †Gerontoformica |--+--+?- †Cananeuretus occidentalis | | `--o Aneuretinae Emery, 1913 | | `--o Aneuretini | | |-- †Aneuretellus | | |-- †Burmomyrma rossi | | |-- †Mianeuretus | | |-- †Paraneuretus | | |-- †Protaneuretus | | `--o Aneuretus | | `-- A. simoni | `--+?- †Eotapinoma macalpini | `-- Dolichoderinae Forel, 1878 `--+--+--o Heteroponerinae | | `--o Heteroponerini | | |-- Acanthoponera | | |-- Aulacopone | | `--o Heteroponera | | |-- H. microps | | `-- H. panamensis | `--o Ectatomminae Emery, 1895 | |-- †Electroponera | |--+--o Typhlomyrmex [Typhlomyrmecini Emery, 1911] | | | `-- T. rogenhoferi | | `-- Gnamptogenys [Ectatommini Emery, 1895] | `--+--o Rhytidoponera [Ectatommini Emery, 1895] | | `-- R. metallica | `--o Ectatomma [Ectatommini Emery, 1895] | `-- E. brunneum `--+-- Formicinae Latreille, 1809 (metsämuurahaiset) `-- Myrmicinae Lepeletier, 1835 (viholaismuurahaiset)
Reference(s):
- Anonymous, 2009: Formicidae (visited: 2009-08-22)
–iNet: Wikispecies: http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Formicidae [last updated: 2009-07-20] - Grimaldi, D. A. & Engel, M. S., 2005: Evolution of the Insects.
–Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, xv-755 - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 6: Selkärangattomat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beaut, Du Monde Animal XI & XII Invertébrés.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968 - Moreau, C. S., Bell, C. D., Vila, R., Archibald, S. B. & Pierce, N. E., 2006: Phylogeny of the ants: diversification in the Age of Angiosperms.
–Science: Vol. 312, pp. 101-104 - Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Formicidae. Ants. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary).
–http://tolweb.org/Formicidae/11247/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/ - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Perrichot, V., Lacau, S., Néraudeau, D. & Nel, A., 2008 [published online 2007]: Fossil evidence for the early ant evolution.
–Naturwissenschaften: Vol. 95, pp. 85-90 [doi: 10.1007/s00114-007-0301-8] - Perrichot, V., Nel, A., Néraudeau, D., Lacau, S. & Guyot, T., 2008 [published online 2007]: New fossil ants in french Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
–Naturwissenschaften: Vol. 95, pp. 91-97 [doi: 10.1007/s00114-007-0302-7]