After Martínez, Fernandes & Alcober, 2013

Alternative phylogeny after Oliviera, 2006

Alternative phylogeny after Rubidge & Sidor, 2001, Martinelli, Bonaparte, Schultz, & Rubert, 2005, and Sidor & Hancox, 2006

Alternative phylogeny after Rowe, 1988, and Luo, 1994

<==o Eucynodontia Kemp, 1982 (advanced cynodonts and mammals)
   |--o †Cynognathia Hopson & Barghusen, 1986 [Cynognathoidea Seeley, 1908; Brink, 1963]
   |  |--o †Cynognathidae Seeley, 1895
   |  |  `--o †Cynognathus Seeley, 1895 [Cynidiognathus Haughton, 1922; Lycaenognathus; Lycochampsa; Karoomys browni Broom, 1903]
   |  |     |?- †C. longiceps (Haughton, 1922) [Cynidiognathus longiceps]
   |  |     |?- †C. ferox [Lycochampsa ferox]
   |  |     `-- †C. crateronotus Seeley, 1895 [?Cistecynodon parvus Brick & Kitching, 1953 (juvenile)]
   |  `--o †Gomphodontia Seeley, 1895
   |     |-- †Diademodontidae Haughton, 1925
   |     `--+==Trirachodontidae Romer, 1967
   |        `-- †Traversodontidae von Huene, 1936 [= Huene, v. Huene]
   `--o Probainognathia Hopson, 1990 sensu Oliviera, 2006
      |-- †Lumkuia fuzzi Hopson & Kitching, 2001
      `==o †Chiniquodontidae v. Huene, 1936 after Carroll, 1988 [incl. Dromatheriidae Gill, 1872 and Therioherpetidae Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975] [taxonomic history]
         |?- †Deccanodon maleriensis Nath & Yadagiri, 2007; U.Trias. Ind.
         |?-o †Dromatheriidae Gill, 1872
         |  |-- †Dromatherium sylvestre Emmons, 1857
         |  `--o †Microconodon Osborn, 1886
         |     |-- †M. sp. [Dykes, 2001]
         |     `-- †M. tenuirostris Osborn, 1886
         |--o Chiniquodontidae von Huene, 1936 sensu Abdala & Giannini, 2002
         |  `--o †Chiniquodon von Huene, 1936 [taxonomic history]
         |     |-- †C. theotonicus von Huene, 1936 [taxonomic history]
         |     `-- †C. sanjuanensis (Martinez & Forster, 1996) Abdala & Giannini, 2002 [taxonomic history]
         `--+--o †Probainognathidae Romer, 1973
            |  |?- †Lepagia gaumemsis Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1987
            |  |-- †Bonacynodon schultzi Martinelli, Soares & Schwanke, 2016; Trias. SAm.
            |  `-- †Probainognathus jenseni Romer, 1970
            `--+--o †Ecteniniidae Martínez, Fernandes & Alcober, 2013
               |  |-- †Ecteninion lunensis Martinez, May & Forster, 1996
               |  |-- †Trucidocynodon riograndensis Oliveira, Soares & Schultz, 2010
               |  `-- †Diegocanis elegans Martínez, Fernandes & Alcober, 2013; L.Trias. SAm.
               `--o Prozostrodontia Liu & Olsen, 2010
                  |?- †Protheriodon estudianti Bonaparte, Soares & Schultz, 2006
                  |?- †Santacruzgnathus abdalai Martinelli, Soares & Schwanke, 2016
                  |-- †Prozostrodon brasiliensis (Barberena, Bonaparte & Teixeira, 1987) Bonaparte & Barberena, 2001 [†Thrinaxodon brasiliensis Barberena, Bonaparte & Teixeira, 1987]
                  `==o “Therioherpetidae” Barberena & Bonaparte, 1975 [paraphyletic]
                     |--o †Therioherpetidae Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 sensu stricto?
                     |  |-- †Charruodon tetracuspidatus Abdala & Ribeiro, 2000
                     |  |-- †Therioherpeton cargnini Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 [Theioherpeton lapsus calami]
                     |  `-- †Meurthodon gallicus Sigogneau-Russell & Hahn, 1994
                     `--+-- †Tritylodontidae Cope, 1884
                        `--+-- †Riograndia guaibaensis Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2001 [Riograndidae Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2001]
                           |--o †Pachygenelus Watson, 1913 [?Pattsia Lees & Mills, 1983; Pachygenelius] [Tritheledontidae]
                           |  |-- †P. monus Watson, 1913 [?Pattsia likhoelensis Lees & Mills, 1983]
                           |  |-- †P. sp. cf. P. monus [Shubin, Olsen & Sues, 1994] [McCoy Brook Formation, Canada, North America]
                           |  `-- †P. broomi (Crompton, 1958) [Diarthrognathus broomi Crompton, 1958]
                           `--+?- †Botucaraitherium belarminoi Soares, Martinelli & De Oliveira, 2014
                              `--+--o †Brasilodontidae sensu Oliviera, 2006
                                 |  |-- †Brasilodon quadrangularis Bonaparte, Martinelli, Schultz & Rubert, 2003
                                 |  `?- †Brasilitherium riograndensis Bonaparte, Martinelli, Schultz & Rubert, 2003
                                 `-- Mammaliaformes Rowe, 1988 [Mammalia sensu Luo, 1994 [sensu lato]] (mammals and near-mammals; nisäkkäät)

Eucynodontia, not treated by Martínez et al. (2013):

Chiniquodontoidea” Huene, 1936 [Tritheledontidae sensu Luo, 1994]Alemoatherium huebneri Martinelli, Eltink, Da-Rosa & Langer, 2017; L.Trias. SAm.
        †Aleodon brachyrhamphus Crompton, 1955
        †Eoraetia siegerti WO Dietrich, 1937; U.Trias. CEu.
        †Kunminia minima Young, 1947; L.Jur. SEAs.
        †“Hahniaobliqua Godefroit & Battail, 1997 [generic name preoccubied (Dykes, 2001)]
        †Minicynodon maieri Bonaparte, Schultz, Soares & Martinelli, 2010
        †Probelesodon sanjuanensis Martinez & Forster, 1996 [†Chiniquodon sanjuanensis (Martinez & Forster, 1996) Abdala & Giannini, 2002 [taxonomic history]
        †Chiniquodon brasilensis Barbarena, 1982 (status doubtful)
        †Gaumia Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1987
            †G. longiradiata Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1987
            †G.? incisa Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1987
            †G. sp.

        †Dromatheriidae Gill, 1872
            †Dromatherium sylvestre Emmons, 1857
            †Microconodon Osborn, 1886
                †M. sp. [Dykes, 2001]
                †M. tenuirostris Osborn, 1886
            †Polonodon woznikiensis Sulej, Niedzwiedzki, Talanda, Drózdz & Hara, 2018; L.Trias. CEu.
            †Pseudotriconodon Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1984
                †P. sp. Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1987
                †P. wildi Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1984
                †P. chattarjeei Lucas & Oakes, 1988
            †Revaconodon tikiensis Datta, Das & Luo, 2004; L.Trias. Ind.
            ?†Tricuspes von Huene, 1933 [Tricuspis?] [also treated as Mammaliaform (Hahn et al., 1994)]
                †T. tuebingensis von Huene, 1933
                †T. sigogneauae Hahn, Hahn & Godefroit, 1994
                †T. tapeinodon Godefroit & Battail, 1997

        †Ictidosauria Broom, 1929 [taxonomic history]
            †Therioherpetidae Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 [Chiniquodontidae in partim (Carroll, 1988)] [incl. Riograndidae Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2001]Charruodon tetracuspidatus Abdala & Ribeiro, 2000
                †Meurthodon gallicus Sigogneau-Russell & Hahn, 1994
            †Tritheledontidae Broom, 1912 [taxonomic history]
                †Tritheledon riconoi Broom, 1912 [Trithelodon ]
                †Chaliminia musteloides Bonaparte, 1978 [Chalimia, lapsus calami]
                †Diarthrognathus broomi Crompton, 1958 [Diarthrognathidae Crompton, 1958]Elliotherium kersteni Sidor & Hancox, 2006
                †Irajatherium hernandezi Martinelli, Bonaparte, Schultz, & Rubert, 2005

Nomina dubia & invalida:

Pachygenelus milleri Chatterjee, 1983; U.Trias. SWNA. [parts of fish (Sidor & Hancox, 2006)]

After Pachero, Martinelli, Pavanatto, Soares & Dias-da-Silva, 2017

<==o Eucynodontia
   |-- †Lumkuia
   `--+--o †Cynognathia
      |  |--o †Cynognathidae
      |  |  `-- †Cynognathus
      |  `--o †Gomphodontia
      |     |-- †Diademodontidae
      |     `--+==Trirachodontidae
      |        `-- †Traversodontidae
      `--o Probainognathia
         |--  †Ecteninion
         `--+-- †Chiniquodon
            `--+--o †Probainognathidae
               |  |-- †Bonacynodon schultzi
               |  `-- †Probainognathus
               `--o Prozostrodontia
                  |-- †Protheriodon
                  `--+-- †Prozostrodon
                     `--+-- †Therioherpeton    
                        `--+--o †Ictidosauria
                           |  `--o †Tritheledontidae
                           |     |-- †Riograndia
                           |     `-- †Pachygenelus
                           `--+-- †Tritylodontoidea
                              `--+-- †Botucaraitherium
                                 `--+--o †Brasilodontidae
                                    |  |-- †Brasilodon
                                    |  `-- †Brasilitherium
                                    `-- Mammaliaformes

Reference(s):

  • Pacheco, C. P., Martinelli, A. G., Pavanatto, A. E. B., Soares, M. B. & Dias-da-Silva, S., 2017: Prozostrodon brasiliensis, a probainognathian cynodont from the Late Triassic of Brazil: second record and improvements on its dental anatomy.
    –Historical Biology: in press [doi: 10.1080/08912963.2017.1292423]

After Martinelli, Soares & Schwanke, 2016

<==o Eucynodontia
   |-- †Lumkuia
   `--+--o †Cynognathia
      |  `--o †Cynognathidae
      |     `-- †Cynognathus
      `--o Probainognathia
         |--  †Ecteninion
         `--+-- †Chiniquodon
            `--+--o †Probainognathidae
               |  |-- †Bonacynodon schultzi
               |  `-- †Probainognathus
               `--o Prozostrodontia
                  |-- †Protheriodon
                  `--+-- †Prozostrodon
                     `--+--o †Ictidosauria
                        |  `--o †Tritheledontidae
                        |     |-- †Riograndia
                        |     `-- †Pachygenelus
                        `--+-- †Tritylodontoidea
                           `--+-- †Botucaraitherium
                              `--+--o †Brasilodontidae
                                 |  |-- †Brasilodon
                                 |  `-- †Brasilitherium
                                 `-- Mammaliaformes

Reference(s):

  • Martinelli, A. G., Soares, M. B. & Schwanke, C., 2016: Two New Cynodonts (Therapsida) from the Middle-Early Late Triassic of Brazil and Comments on South American Probainognathians.
    –Plos One: Vol. 11, #10, pp. (e0162945) [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162945]

After Oliviera, 2006

<==o Eucynodontia
   |--o †Cynognathia
   |  `--o †Cynognathidae
   |     `-- †Cynognathus
   `--o Probainognathia
      |-- †Lumkuia
      `--+-- †Chiniquodontidae
         `--+--o †Probainognathidae
            |  |?- †Lepagia
            |  `-- †Probainognathus
            `--+-- †Tritylodontoidea
               `--+-- †Prozostrodon
                  |-- Mammaliaformes
                  |?-o †Dromatheriidae
                  |  |-- †Dromatherium
                  |  `-- †Microconodon
                  `--o †Ictidosauria
                     |--o †Brasilodontidae
                     |  |-- †Brasilodon
                     |  `-- †Brasilitherium
                     `--+--o †Therioherpetidae
                        |  |-- †Charruodon
                        |  |-- †Therioherpeton
                        |  |-- †Meurthodon
                        |  `-- †Riograndia
                        `--o †Tritheledontidae
                           |?- †Tritheledon
                           |-- †Chalimia
                           `--+-- †Diarthrognathus
                              |-- †Elliotherium
                              |-- †Irajatherium
                              `-- †Pachygenelus

Reference(s):

  • Oliveira, É. V., 2006: Reevaluation of Therioherpeton cargnini Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 (Probainognathia, Therioherpentidae) from the Upper Triassicof Brazil.
    –Geodiversitas: Vol. 28, #3, pp. 447-465

After Rubidge & Sidor, 2001, Martinelli, Bonaparte, Schultz, & Rubert, 2005, and Sidor & Hancox, 2006

<==o Eucynodontia
   |-- †Lumkuia
   |--o †Cynognathia
   |  |--o †Cynognathidae
   |  |  `-- †Cynognathus
   |  `-- †Tritylodontoidea
   `--o Probainognathia
      |?- †Ecteninion
      |--o †Probainognathidae
      |  |?- †Lepagia
      |  `-- †Probainognathus
      `--o Chiniquodontoidea
         |?- †Eoraetia
         |?- †Kunminia
         |?- †“Hahniaobliqua
         |?- †Maubeugia
         |-- †Chiniquodontidae
         `--+--o †Therioherpetidae
            |  |-- †Charruodon
            |  |-- †Therioherpeton
            |  `-- †Meurthodon
            `--+?- †Brasilodon
               |?- †Brasilitherium
               |--+-- †Prozostrodon
               |  `-- Mammaliaformes
               `--o †Ictidosauria
                  |--o †Riograndidae
                  |  `-- †Riograndia
                  `--o †Tritheledontidae
                     |--+-- †Chalimia
                     |  `-- †Elliotherium
                     `--+-- †Diarthrognathus
                        |-- †Irajatherium
                        |?- †Tritheledon
                        `-- †Pachygenelus

After Rowe, 1988, and Luo, 1994

<==o Eucynodontia
   |-- †Cynognathus
   `--o Probainognathia
      |--o †Probainognathidae
      |  |?- †Lepagia
      |  `-- †Probainognathus
      `--o Mammaliamorpha
         |-- †Tritylodontoidea
         `--o Chiniquodontoidea
            |-- †Chiniquodontidae
            `--+-- Mammaliaformes
               `--o †Tritheledontidae
                  |-- †Chalimia
                  |-- †Diarthrognathus
                  |?- †Therioherpeton
                  |-- †Tritheledon
                  `-- †Pachygenelus

Reference(s):

Special thanks to:

Jos H. M. Dols, for gathering additional information and species.