After Wyss & Flynn, 1993, McKenna & Bell, 1997, and Ginsburg & Morales, 1998
<==o Arctoidea Flower (karhumaiset petoeläimet) |--o Mustelida Tedford, 1976 [Musteloidea Fischer de Waldheim, 1817] | |?- †Mustelavus priscus Clark, 1936 | |?- †Pyctis inamatus Babbitt, 1999 | |--+-- Procyonidae (half-bears, raccoons; puolikarhut) | | `-- Ailuridae Gray, 1843 [Procyonidae: Simocyoninae + Ailurinae] (golden pandas; pikkupandat) | `--+-- †Bavarictis gaimersheimensis Mödden, 1981 | |--o †Mustelictis Lange, 1969 | | |-- †M. piveteaui Lange, 1969 | | `-- †M. olivieri de Bonis, 1997 | `--+-- †Pseudobassaris riggsi Pohle, 1917 | `--+--o †Plesictis Pomel, 1846 [Mustelavus] | | |?- †“Plesictis” julieni sicaulensis Viret, 1929 | | |-- †P. huilidens Dehm, 1950 | | |-- †P. mayri Dehm, 1950 | | `-- †P. vireti Dehm, 1950 | `--o Mustelidae sensu Valenciano et al., 2016 | |-- Mustelidae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 (weasels; näädät) | `--o †Oligobuninae Baskin, 1998 [often treated as basal pinnipedians] | |--o †Brachypsalis Cope, 1890 | | |-- †B. hyaenoides Cope, 1881 [Aelurodon hyaenoides] | | |-- †B. matutinus Matthew 1924 | | |-- †B. modicus Matthew, 1918 [Brachypsaloides modicus] | | |-- †B. obliquidens Sinclair, 1915 | | `-- †B. pachycephalus Cope, 1890 | |--o †Megalictis Matthew, 1907 [incl. Aelurocyon Peterson, 1907; Paroligobunis (sensu Valenciano et al., 2016)] | | |-- †M. ferox Matthew, 1907 [Aelurocyon brevifacies Peterson, 1907; Megalictis ferox Hunt & Skolnick, 1996; Aelurocyon ferox Baskin, 1998; Megalictis ferox Matthew; Valenciano et al., 2016] | | |-- †M. simplicidens (Peterson, 1907) [Paroligobunis simplicidens (Peterson, 1907); Megalictis simplicidens (Peterson, 1907); Valenciano et al., 2016] | | |-- †M. frazieri (Frailey, 1978) [Paroligobunis frazieri (Frailey, 1978); Megalictis frazieri (Frailey, 1978); Valenciano et al., 2016] | | `?- †“M.” petersoni (Loomis, 1932) [Paroligobunis petersoni Loomis, 1932] | |--o †Oligobunis Cope, 1881 | | |-- †O. crassivultus (Cope, 1879) [Ictiocyon crassivultus] | | `-- †O. floridanus White, 1947 | |--o †Promartes Riggs, 1942 | | |-- †P. darbyi (Thorpe, 1921) [Oligobunis darbyi Thorpe, 1921] | | |-- †P. gemmarosae (Loomis, 1932) [Oligobunis gemmarosae Loomis, 1932] | | |-- †P. lepidus (Matthew, 1907) [Oligobunis lepidus Matthew, 1907] | | |-- †P. olcotti Riggs, 1942 | | `-- †P. vantasselensis (Loomis, 1932) [Oligobunis vantasselensis Loomis, 1932] | |--o †Potamotherium Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire, 1833 | | |-- †P. miocenicum Peters, 1868 | | `-- †P. valletoni Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire, 1833 | `-- †Zodiolestes Riggs, 1942 `--o Ursida Tedford, 1976 |?- †Adelpharctos mirus de Bonis, 1971 |?- †Adracon Filhol, 1884 |?- †Plesiocyon Schlosser, 1887 |--+--o †Amphicticeps Matthew & Granger, 1924 | | |-- †A. shackelfordi Matthew & Granger, 1924 | | |-- †A. durog Wang, McKenna & Dashzeveg, 2005 | | `-- †A. makhchinus Wang, McKenna & Dashzeveg, 2005 | `--+?- †Allocyon loganensis Merriam, 1930 | `-- Pinnipedimorpha Berta, 1991 [Pinnipedia sensu lato] (seals; eväjalkaiset petoeläimet) `--o Ursidae Fisher de Waldheim, 1817 sensu Rybczynski, Dawson & Tedford, 2009 |--o †Amphicynodontinae Simpson 1945 [paraphyletic basal ursoids/ursids??] | |--o †Amphicynodon Filhol, 1881 [Cynodon Aymard 1848; Paracynodon] | | |?- †A. gracilis | | |?- †A. speciosus | | |?- †A. velaunus | | |?- †A. mongoliensis | | |?- †A. typicus | | |?- †A. crassirostris | | |?- †A. leptorhynchus | | |?- †A. cephalogalinus | | |?- †A. helveticus [Cynodon helveticus Rütimeyer, 1862; Humbertia helvetica] | | `-- †A. teilhardi (Matthew & Granger, 1924) [Cynodon (Pachycynodon) teilhardi Matthew & Granger, 1924; Cynodictis mongoliensis Janovskaja, 1970; Amphicynodon mongoliensis (Janovskaja, 1970)] | |-- †Drassonax harpagops Galbreath, 1953 [an amphicyonid?] | |--o †Kolponomos Stirton, 1960 | | |-- †K. clallamensis Stirton, 1960 | | `-- †K. newportensis Tedford, Barnes & Ray, 1994 | `?-o †Parictis Scott, 1893 sensu PaleoDB | |?- †Nothocyon geismarianus (Cope, 1878) Matthew, 1899 | |--o †Subparictis Clark & Guensburg, 1972 sensu Wang & Tedford, 1992 | | |-- †S. dakotensis (Clark, 1936) [Parictis dakotensis] | | |-- †S. parvus (Clark & Beerbower, 1967) [Parictis parvus Clark & Beerbower, 1967] | | |-- †S. montanus Clark & Guensburg, 1972 | | `-- †S. gilpini Clark & Guensburg, 1972 | `--o †Parictis Scott, 1893 [Campylocynodon Chaffee, 1954, Parietis Scott, 1893 [objective synonym], Subparictis Wang & Tedford, 1992] | |-- †P. major (Clark & Guensburg, 1972) [Amphicynodon major] | |-- †P. personi (Chaffee, 1954) [Campylocynodon personi Chaffee, 1954] | `-- †P. primaevus Scott, 1893 `--+--o †Cephalogale Jourdan, 1862 [8 Old World sp., 3 New World] | |-- †C. meschethense | `-- †C. geoffroyi Filhol, 1879 `--+--o †Pachycynodon Schlosser, 1887 | |-- †P. tenuis | |-- †P. filholi | |-- †P. crassirostris | |-- †P. dubius | |-- †P. boriei | `-- †P. tedfordi Wang & Qiu 2003 `-- Ursoidea Fisher de Waldheim, 1817 (Flower, 1869) (bear-like carnivores; karhunsukuiset petoeläimet)
After Valenciano, Baskin, Abella, Pérez-Ramos, Álvarez-Sierra, Morales & Hartstone-Rose, 2016<==o Musteloidea |--+-- Mephitidae | `--+-- Procyonidae | `-- Ailuridae `--o Total Clade Mustelidae |--o †Oligobuninae | |-- †Oligobunis crassivultus | `--+-- †“Megalictis” petersoni | `--+-- †Megalictis ferox | `--+-- †Megalictis simplicidens | `-- †Megalictis frazieri `--o Mustelidae |--+-- Gulo gulo | `-- Mustela putorious `--+-- Pekania pennanti `--+-- Martes martes `--+-- Eira barbara `--+-- Mellivora capensis `-- Taxidea taxus Reference(s):
|
After Rybczynski, Dawson & Tedford, 2009<==o Arctoidea |-- †Mustelavus |--+--o Ursidae | | |-- †Amphicynodon | | `--+-- †Cephalogale | | `--+-- †Pachycynodon | | `-- †Allocyon | `--o Pinnipedia | |-- †Amphicticeps | `--+-- †Potamotherium | |-- †Enaliarctos | `-- †Puijila `--o Musteloidea |--+--o Procyonidae | | |-- †Stromeriella | | `-- †Broiliana | `--o Ailuridae | |-- †Amphictis | `--+-- †Simocyon | `-- Ailuridae (s.s.) `--+-- †Bavarictis |-- †Mustelictis |-- †Pseudobassaris `--+-- †Plesictis `--+-- †Promartes `--o Mustelidae |-- †Plesiogale `--+--+-- †Paragale | `-- Lontra `--+-- †Kinometaxia Wang et al. 2004 `-- Mustela Reference(s):
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After Wang, McKenna & Dashzeveg, 2005 (fig. 17)<==o Arctoidea |--o Ursida | |-- †Amphicticeps | `--+-- †Amphicynodon | `--+--+-- †Cephalogale | | `-- Ursidea | `--+-- †Pachycynodon | |-- †Allocyon | `-- Pinnipedimorpha `--o Mustelida |-- †Mustelavus `--+--+--o Procyonidae | | |-- †Mustelavus | | `-- †Stromeriella | `--+-- †Amphictis | `--+-- †Simocyon | `-- Ailuridae (s.s.) `--+-- †Bavarictis |-- †Mustelictis `--+-- †Pseudobassaris `--+-- †Plesictis `--+-- †Promartes [Oligobuninae] |-- †Potamotherium [Oligobuninae] `-- Mustelidae |
After Wang, Qiu & Wang, 2004<==o Mustelioidea |-- †Amphictis `--+--+-- †Bavarictis | `-- †Mustelictis `--+-- †Pseudobassaris `--+-- †Broiliana [Procyonidae] `--+-- †Stromeriella [Procyonidae] `--+--+-- †Bathygale | `-- †Plesictis `--+--o † Leptarctinae | |--+-- †Schultzogale | | `-- †Kinometaxia | `--+-- †Craterogale | `-- †Leptarctus `--+-- “Neomustelids” `--+-- †Paragale `-- †Plesiogale |
Reference(s):
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–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
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–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629 - Rybczynski, N., Dawson, M. R. & Tedford, R. H., 2009: A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia.
–Nature: Vol. 458, pp. 1021-1024 - Savage, R. J. G., 1978: Carnivora. 249-267
in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African Mammals.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England, 1978, xiv-641 - Valenciano, A., Baskin, J. A., Abella, J., Pérez-Ramos, A., Álvarez-Sierra, M. Á., Morales, J. & Hartstone-Rose, A., 2016: Megalictis, the Bone-Crushing Giant Mustelid (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Oligobuninae) from the Early Miocene of North America.
–Plos One: Vol. 11, #4, pp. (e0152430) [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152430] - Wang, B. & Qiu, Z., 2003: Notes on Early Oligocene Ursids (Carnivora, Mammalia) from Saint Jacques, Nei Mongol, China.
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–American Museum Novitates: #3483, pp. 1-57 [doi: 10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2] - Wang, X., & Tedford, R. H., 1992: The status of genus Nothocyon Matthew, 1899 (Carnivora): An arctoid not a canid.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 12, #2, pp. 223-229 - Wang, X., Qiu, Z. & Wang, B., 2004: A new leptarctine (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from the early Miocene of the northern Tibetan Plateau: implications for the phylogeny and zoogeography of basal mustelids.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 142, #3, Art.nr. pp. (405-421) [doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00135.x] - Wyss, A. R. & Flynn, J. J., 1993: A phylogenetic analysis and definition of the Carnivora. 32-52
in Szalay, F. S., Novacek, M. J. & McKenna, M. C., (eds.) 1993: Mammal phylogeny - Placentals.
–Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993