After Lu, Zhu, Ahlberg, Qiao, Zhu, Zhao & Jia, 2016
<==o Sarcopterygii Romer, 1955 (flesh-finned osteichthyans; lihaseväiset kalat) |?- †Diabolepis speratus (Chang & Yu, 1984) Schultze, 1993; L.Dev. SEAs. [=Diabolichthyes (jr. synon.)] [Diabolichthyidae] [problematic, see Dipnoiformes] |?- †Langdenia campylognatha Janvier & Phuong, 1999; E.De. SEAs. |?- †Meemannia eos Zhu, Yu, Wang, Zhao & Jia, 2006; E.Dev. SEAs. [problematic, possibly basal actinopterygian (Lu et al., 2016)] |?- †Megamastax amblyodus Choo, Zhu, Zhao, Jia & Zhu, 2014; L.Sil. SEAs. |--+-- †Guiyu oneiros Zhu, Zhao, Jia, Lu, Qiao & Qu, 2009 | `--+-- †Psarolepis romeri Yu, 1998 sensu Lu et al., 2016; E.Dev. SEAs. [problematic, see Gnathostomata for other positions] | `-- †Achoania jarvikii Zhu, Yu & Ahlberg, 2001 `--+--o Coelacanthinimorpha sensu Lu et al., 2016 [Actinistia Cope, 1871] (coelacanths; latimeriansukuiset varsieväkalat) | |-- †Bukkanodus jesseni Johanson, Long, Talenet, Janvier & Warren, 2007 | `--+-- †Onychodontida Andrews, 1973 [Onychodontiformes; Struniiformes] | `-- Actinistia Cope, 1871 [Coelacanthinimorpha sensu Ahlberg, 1991, Cloutier & Ahlberg, 1996, Forey, 1998, Zhu, Yu & Janvier, 1999, and Clement, 2005] `--o Choanata [Rhipidistia] (choanates; sisäsieraimelliset) |-- †Styloichthys changae Zhu & Yu, 2002 `--o Rhipidistia Cope, 1871 sensu Lu et al., 2016 |-- Tetrapodomorpha Ahlberg, 1991 [Osteolepimorpha] [incl. Rhizodontida Andrews & Westoll, 1970; Osteolepida Boulenger, 1901] (Terrestrial vertebrate-like sarcopterygians; maaselkärankaismaiset lihaseväisetkalat) `--o Dipnomorpha Ahlberg, 1991 (lungfish-like sarcopterygians; keuhkokalamaiset lihaseväiset) |-- †Porolepiformes Jarvik, 1942 `--o Dipnoiformes Cloutier, 1990 sensu Yu, 1998 (keuhkokalat; lungfishes) |?- †Psarolepis romeri Yu, 1998 sensu Yu, 1998 `-- Dipnoiformes Cloutier, 1990 (keuhkokalat; lungfishes)
Tentative phylogenetic defenitions of sarcopterygian sub-clades:
Sarcopterygii = All osteichthyans closer to Homo sapiens (human) than Perca fluviatilis (common perch).
Coelacanthimorpha = All sarcopterygian closer to Latimeria chalumnae (coelacanth) tha either Protopterus annectens (west african lungfish) or Homo sapiens (human).
Choanata = All sarcopterygians closer to Protopterus annectens (west african lungfish) or Homo sapiens (human) than Latimeria chalumnae (coelacanth).
Rhipidistia = Last common ancestor of Protopterus annectens (west african lungfish) and Homo sapiens (human) and all it's decendants.
Family-level taxonomy of all non-tetrapod sarcopterygians.
Various proposed phylogenetic relationships of Sarcopterygian fishes (based on Cloutier & Ahlberg, 1996 and Lu & Zhu, 2009)
After Ahlberg, 1991, Cloutier & Ahlberg, 1996, Zhu, Yu & Janvier, 1999, and Zhu, Yu, Wang, Zhao & Jia, 2006<==o Sarcopterygii |?- †Diabolepis |?- †Langdenia |-- †Meemannia |?- †Megamastax `--+?- †Psarolepis sensu Zhu, Yu, Wang, Zhao & Jia, 2006 `--+-- †Onychodontida `--+-- Coelacanthinimorpha `--o Choanata |-- †Styloichthys `--+--o Tetrapodomorpha | |-- †Rhizodontida | `==o †Osteolepidida | `==o †Elpistostegalia | `-- Tetrapoda `--o Dipnomorpha |-- †Porolepiformes `--o Dipnoiformes |?- †Psarolepis sensu Yu, 1998 `-- Dipnoiformes |
After Lu & Zhu, 2009<==o Sarcopterygii |-- †Psarolepis `--+--+-- †Onychodontiformes | `-- Actinistia `--+-- †Styloichthys `--+-- †Osteolepiformes `--+-- Dipnoi `-- †Porolepiformes Reference(s):
|
After Zhu & Schultze, 1997 [from Campbell & Barwick, 2001]<==o Sarcopterygii |?- †Meemannia |--+-- †Diabolepis | `-- Dipnoi `--+-- †Youngolepis `--+-- †Powichthys `--+?- †Psarolepis `--+-- †Porolepiformes `--+-- Tetrapodomorpha `--+-- †Onychodontida `-- Coelacanthinimorpha Reference(s):
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After Ahlberg, 1991<==o Sarcopterygii |-- †Onychodontiformes |-- Actinistia `--+--o Dipnomorpha | |-- †Porolepiformes | `--+-- †Powichthys | `--+-- †Youngolepis | `-- Dipnoi `--o Tetrapodomorpha |-- †Rhizodontida `--+-- †Osteolepiformes `--+-- †Panderichthyidae `-- Tetrapoda Reference(s):
|
After Schultze, 1987<==o Sarcopterygii |-- Dipnoi `--+-- Actinistia `--+?- †Onychodontiformes `--+-- †Powichthys & †Youngolepis `--+-- †Porolepiformes `--+-- †Osteolepiformes `--+-- †Panderichthyidae `-- Tetrapoda |
After Panchen & Smithson, 1987<==o Sarcopterygii |-- Actinistia `--+-- Dipnoi `--+--+-- †Powichthys | `-- †Porolepiformes `--+-- †Youngolepis `--+-- †Osteolepiformes `-- Tetrapoda |
After Rosen et al., 1981<==o Sarcopterygii? |== †“Osteolepiformes” `--+-- Actinistia |-- †Porolepiformes `--+-- Dipnoi `-- Tetrapoda |
After Andrews, 1973<==o Crossopterygii |--o Binostia | |-- Coelacanthiformes | `-- †Porolepiformes `--+-- Onychodontiformes `--o Quadrostia |-- †Rhizodontiformes `-- †Osteolepiformes |
Reference(s):
- Ahlberg, P. E., 1991: A re-examination of sarcopterygian interrelationships, with special reference to the Porolepiformes.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 103, #3, pp. 241-287 [doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00905.x] - Ahlberg, P. E. & Johanson, Z. 1998: Osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods.
–Nature: Vol. 395, 22 October, pp. 792-794 - Campbell, K. S. W. & Barwick, R. E., 2001: Diabolepis and its relationships to the Dipnoi.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #2, pp. 227-241 - Choo, B., Zhu, M., Zhao, W., Jia, L. & Zhu, Y. a., 2014: The largest Silurian vertebrate and its palaeoecological implications.
–Scientific Reports: Vol. 4, #5242, pp. 1-8 [doi: 10.1038/srep05242] - Clement, G., 2001: Evidence for lack of Choanae in the Porolepiformes.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #4, pp. 795-802 - Cloutier, R. & Ahlberg, P. E., 1996: Morphology, characters, and the interrelationships of basal sarcopterygians. 445-479.
in Stiassny, M. L. J., Parenti, L. R. & Johnson, G. D., (eds.) 1996: Interrelationships of Fishes.
–Academic Press, San Diego, 1996, xiv-496 - Forey, P. L., Ahlberg, P. E., Luksevics, E.& Zupins, I., 2000: A new coelacanth from the Middle Devonian of Latvia.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 20, #2, pp. 243-252 - Frickhinger, K. A., 1995: Fossil Atlas – Fishes.
–Mergus – Publishers for Natural History and Pet Books, Hans A. Baensch, Malle, Germany, 1-1088 - Janvier, P. & Phuong, T. H., 1999: Le vertèbrès (Placodermi: Galeaspida) du Dévonien inférieur de la coupe de Lung Cô-Mia Lé, Province de Hà Giang, Viêt Nam, avec des donnèes complémentaires sur les gisements à vertébrés du Dévonien du Bac Bo oriental.
[Vertebrates (Placodermi, Galeaspida) of the Lower Devonian of the Lung Cô-Mia Lé section, Hà Giang Province, Vietnam, with complementary comments on vertebrates deposits of the eastern Bac Bun Devonian]
–Geodiversitas: Vol. 21, #1, pp. 33-67 - Johanson, Z., Long, J. A., Talent, J. A., Janvier, P. & Warren, J. W., 2007: New onychodontiform (Osteichthyes; Sarcopterygii) from the lower Devonian of Victoria, Australia.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 81, #5, pp. 1031-1043 [doi: 10.1666/pleo05-023.1] - Long, J. A., 1995: The Rise of Fishes: 500 million years of evolution.
–Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London, pp. 1-223 - Long, J. A., 2001: On the relationships of Psarolepis and the onychodontiform fishes.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #4, pp. 815-820 - Lu, J. & Zhu, M., 2009: An onychodont fish (Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii) from the Early Devonian of China, and the evolution of the Onychodontiformes.
–Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological series: Vol. 277, #1, pp. 293-299 [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0708] - Lu, J., Zhu, M., Ahlberg, P. E., Qiao, T., Zhu, Y. a., Zhao, W. & Jia, L., 2016: A Devonian predatory fish provides insights into the early evolution of modern sarcopterygians.
–Science Advances: Vol. 2, #6, [doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1600154] - Yu, X., 1998: A new porolepiform-like fish, Psarolepis romeri, gen. et sp. nov. (Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes) from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 18, #2, pp. 261-274 - Zhu, M. & Yu, X., 2002: A primitive fish close to the common ancestor of tetrapods and lungfish.
–Nature: Vol. 418, pp. 767-770 - Zhu, M., Yu, X. & Ahlberg, P. E., 2001: A primitive sarcopterygian fish with an eyestalk.
–Nature: Vol. 410, #6824, pp. 81-84 [doi: 10.1038/35065078] - Zhu, M., Yu, X. & Janvier, P., 1999: A Primitive fossil fish sheds light on the origin of bony fishes.
–Nature: vol. 397, February 18, pp. 607-610 - Zhu, M., Yu, X., Wang, W., Zhao, W. & Jia, L., 2006: A primitive fish provides key characters bearing on deep osteichthyan phylogeny.
–Nature: Vol. 441, pp. 77-80 - Zhu, M., Zhao, W., Jia, L., Lu, J., Qiao, T. & Qu, Q., 2009: The oldest articulated osteichthyan reveals mosaic gnathostome characters.
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