After Uetz, Etzold & Chenna, 1995-2000 [“The TIGR Reptile Database ” (former EMBL Reptile Database)]
<==o Colubridae (tarhakäärmeet) [probably paraphyletic] |?- †Dakotaophis |?- †Diadophis |?- †Dryinoides |?- †Mionatrix |?- †Palaeomalpolon |?- †Paleofarancia |?- †Paracoluber |?- †Paraoxybelis |?- †Protropidonotus |?- †Pseudocemophora |?- Stilosoma |?- Elapomorphinae [subfamily not recognized by The TIGR Reptile Database [former EMBL Reptile Database]] |-- "Boodontinae" ()? `--+-- Calamariinae ()? `--+-- Colubrinae (varsinaiset tarhakäärmeet) `--+-- Homalopsinae (valevesitarhakäärmeet) `--+-- Lycodontinae ()? `--+-- Natricinae (rantakäärmeet) `--+-- Dasypeltinae (munakäärmeet) `--+-- Dipsadinae (amerikan kotilokäämeet) `--+--o Pareatinae (aasian kotilokäärmeet) | |?- Pareas | `?- Pseudopareas |?- "Xenodermatinae" ()? `?- Xenodontinae Cope, 1893 [=> Lycodontinae?] ()?
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 -
Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698, 698 - Harvey, M. B., Lucindo Gonzales, A. & Scrocchi, G. J., 2001: New species of Apostolepis (Squamata: Colubridae) from the Gran Chaco in southern Bolivia.
–Copeia: Vol. 101, #2, pp. 501-507 - Holman, J. A., 1987: Herpetofauna of the Egelhoff site (Miocene: Barstovian)
of North-Central Nebraska.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 7, #2, pp. 109-120 - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 5: Kalat, sammakkoeläimet, matelijat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980
Original publication [in French]: Beauté Du Monde Animal: IX Reptiles/Amphibiens & X Poissons.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968. - Parmley, D., 1988: Early Hemphillian (Late Miocene) snakes from the Higgins local fauna of Lipscomb County, Texas.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 8, #3, pp. 322-327 - Uetz, P., Etzold, T. & Chenna, R. (eds.), 1995-2000: The Reptile Database [former “EMBL Reptile Database”].
–iNet: http://www.reptile-database.org/