After Laurin & Reisz, 1997, Anderson & Reisz, 2003, and Vallin & Laurin, 2004
<==o Amphibia Gray, 1825 sensu Laurin, 1998a, and Vallin & Laurin, 2004 [Lepospondyli Zittel, 1888 sensu Laurin & Reisz, 1997] |--+--o †Adelogyrinidae Huene, 1954 | | |-- †Adelogyrinus simorhynchus Watson, 1928 | | |-- †Adelospondylus watsoni Carroll, 1967 | | |-- †Dolichopareias disjectus Watson, 1928 | | `-- †Palaeomolgophis scoticus Brough & Brough, 1967 | |?- †Acherontiscus caledoniae Carroll, 1969 [Acherontiscidae Carroll, 1967] | `-- †Aistopoda Miall, 1875 [Aïstopoda Miall, 1875] (aistopods; aistopodit) `--+-- †Nectridea Miall, 1875 `--o †“Microsauria” Dawson, 1863 [paraphyletic] |?- †Odonterpeton triangulare Moodie, 1909b [Odonterpentontidae Carroll & Gaskill, 1978] [paraphyletic Microbrachomorpha Carroll & Gaskill, 1978] [not treated by Vallin & Laurin] |?-o †Hapsidopareiontidae Daly, 1973 | |?- †Ricnodon Fritsch, 1883 | |-- †Saxonerpeton geinitzi Carroll & Gaskill, 1978 | `--+-- †Hapsidopareion lepton Daly, 1973 | `-- †Llistrofus pricei Carroll & Gaskill, 1978 |?-o †Tuditanidae Cope, 1875 [paraphyletic Tuditanomorpha Carroll & Gaskill, 1978] | |-- †Asaphestera intermedia Steen 1934 | |-- †Boii crassidens Carroll, 1966 | |-- †Crinodon limnophyes (Steen, 1938) Carroll & Gaskill, 1978 | `-- †Tuditanus punctulatus Cope, 1871b |--+-- †Utaherpeton franklini Carroll, Bybee & Tidwell, 1991 [paraphyletic Microbrachomorpha] | |-- †Microbrachis pelikani Fritsch, 1876 [taxonomic history] [Microbrachidae Fritsch, 1883] [paraphyletic Microbrachomorpha] | `-- †Paramicrobrachis fritschi Kuhn, 1959 `--o †“Tuditanomorpha” [paraphyletic Microsauria] |--o †Ostodolepididae Romer, 1945 | |?- †Ostodolepis brevispinatus Williston, 1913 | |-- †Micraroter erythrogeios Carroll & Gaskill, 1978 | |-- †Nannaroter mckinziei Anderson, Scott & Reisz, 2009 | |-- †Pelodosotis elongatum Carroll & Gaskill, 1978 | `-- †Tambaroter carrolli Henrici, Martens, Berman & Sumida, 2011 `--+--o †Pantylidae Case, 1911 | |?- †Trachystegos megalodon Carroll, 1966 [not treated by Vallin & Laurin] | |-- †Pantylus cordatus Cope, 1881 | `--+-- †Stegotretus agyrus Berman, Eberth & Brinkman, 1988 | `-- †Sparodus validus Fritsch, 1876 [not treated by Vallin & Laurin] `--+--o †Gymnarthridae Case, 1910 | |?- †Elfridia bulbidens Thayer, 1985 [not treated by Vallin & Laurin] | |?- †Hylerpeton dawsoni Owen, 1862 | |?- †Leiocephalikon problematicum Steen, 1934 [not treated by Vallin & Laurin] | |?-o †Pariotichus Cope, 1878 [not treated by Vallin & Laurin] | | |-- †P. brachyops Cope, 1878 | | |?- †P. aduncus | | `?- †P. isolemus | |?- †Bolterpeton carrolli Anderson & Reisz, 2003 [alternative position 1] | `--+--o †Euryodus Olson, 1939 | | |-- †E. bonneri Schultze & Foreman, 1981 | | |-- †E. dalyae Carroll & Gaskill, 1978 | | `-- †E. primus Olson, 1939 | `--+?- †Bolterpeton carrolli Anderson & Reisz, 2003 [alternative position 2] | `--o †Cardiocephalus Broili, 1904 | |-- †C. peabodyi Carroll & Gaskill, 1978 | `-- †C. sternbergi Broili, 1904 `--+-- †Rhynchonkos stovalli (Olson, 1970) Schulze & Foreman. 1981 [Goniorhynchus stovalli Olson, 1970 (non Goniorhynchus Hampson, 1896, a genus of moths (Lepidoptera: Crambidae))] [Goniorhynchidae Carroll & Gaskill, 1978] [paraphyletic Microbrachomorpha] `--+--o †Brachystelechidae [Batropetidae] [paraphyletic Microbrachomorpha] | |-- †Batropetes fritschi (Geinitz & Deichmüller, 1882) Carroll & Gaskill, 1971 [Brachystelechus fritschi Carroll & Gaskill, 1978; Batropetes fritschi Carroll, 1991; Batropetes truncatus Carroll & Gaskill, 1971] [Batropetidae] | `--+-- †Quasicaecilia texana Carroll, 1990 [Quasicaecelia lapsus calami] | `-- †Carrolla craddocki Langston & Olsen, 1986 `--+-- Lissamphibia Haeckel, 1866 sensu Vallin & Laurin, 2004 [only Gymnophiona Rafinesque, 1814 sensu Anderson et al., 2008] (modern amphibians; nykysammakkoeläimet) `--o †Lysorophia Romer, 1930 |?-o †Cocytinidae Cope, 1875 [Molgophidae (Cope, 1875a, in partim); Romer, 1966; Lysorophidae (Williston, 1908a in partim) Romer, 1966] | |-- †Pleuroptyx clavatus Cope, 1875 [Molgophis cf. brevicostatus (Cope, 1875a) Schwarz, 1908 (in partim)] | `--o †Brachydectes Cope, 1868 [Cocytinus Cope, 1871] | |-- †B. elongatus Wellstead, 1991 [Lysorophus tricarinatus Cope, 1877, in partim] | `-- †B. newberryi Cope, 1868 [Cocytinus gyrinoides Cope, 1871b; Molgophis wheatleyi (Cope, 1874) Romer, 1930] `--o †Lysorophidae Williston, 1908a |?- †Megamolgophis agostini Romer, 1952 |?- †Lysorocephalus gwyneddensis Huene & Bock 1954 |--o †Lysorophus Cope, 1877 | |-- †L. dunkardensis Romer, 1952 | `-- †L. tricarinatus Cope, 1877 `-- †Molgophis macrurus Cope, 1868 [M. brevicostatus Cope, 1875a]
Other “tudinomorphs”
†Trihecatontidae Vaughn, 1972
†Trihecaton howardinus Vaughn, 1972
Reference(s):
- Anderson, J. S. & Reisz, R. R., 2003: A new microsaur (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli) from the Lower Permian of Richards Sur (Fort Sill), Oklahoma.
–Canadian Journal of Earth Sciencies: Vol. 40, pp. 499-505 - Anderson, J. S., Scott, D. & Reisz, R. R., 2009: Nannaroter mckinziei, a New Ostodolepid ‘Microsaur’ (Tetrapoda, Lepospondyli, Recumbirostra) from the Early Permian of Richards Spur (Ft. Sill), Oklahoma.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 29, #2, pp. 379-388 [doi: 10.1671/039.029.0222] - Anderson, J. S., Reisz, R. R., Scott, D. M., Fröbisch, N. B. & Sumida, S. S., 2008: A stem Batrachian from the early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders.
–Nature: Vol. 453, pp. 515-518 [doi: 10.1038/nature06865] - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Henrici, A. C., Martens, T., Berman, D. S. & Sumida, S. S., 2011: An Ostodolepid ‘Microsaur’ (Lepospondyli) from the Lower Permian Tambach Formation of Central Germany.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 31, #5, pp. 997-1004 [doi: 10.1080/02724634.2011.596601] - Laurin, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1997: A new perspective on tetrapod phylogeny. 9-59
in Sumida, S. S. & Martin, K. L. M., 1997: Amniote origins: Completing the transition to Land.
–Academic Press, San Diego, 1997, pp. x-510 - McGowan, G. & Evans, S. E., 1995: Albanerpetonid amphibians from the Cretaceous of Spain.
–Nature: Vol. 373, 12 January, pp. 143-145 - Milner, A. R., 1994: Late Triassic and Jurassic amphibians: Fossil record and phylogeny. 5-23
in Fraser, N. C. & Sues, H-D. 1994: In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs.
–Cambridge University Press, New York. 1994, - Wellstead, C. F., 1991: Taxonomic revision of the Lysorophia, Permo-Carboniferous lepospondyl amphibians.
–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: #209, pp. 1-90 - Vallin, G. & Laurin, M., 2004: Cranial morphology and affinities of Microbrachis, and a reappraisal of the phylogeny and lifestyle of the first amphibians.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 24, #1, pp. 56-72
Special thanks to:
Dols, J. H. M., for gathering additional information and species.