After Nelson, 1994, and Javonillo, Malabarba, Weitzman & Burns, 2010, with Recent species from Froese & Pauly, 2010 [“The Fishbase”]
<==o Characidae (tetrat) [paraphyletic]
|--o Chalceus
| |-- C. erythrurus (Cope, 1870) (Tucan fish)
| |-- C. fasciatus Jardine & Schomburgk, 1841
| |-- C. latus Jardine, 1841
| |-- C. macrolepidotus Cuvier, 1817 (Pinktail chalceus)
| `-- C. taeniatus Jardine & Schomburgk, 1841
`--+-- Serrasalminae (piranhas and pacus; piraijat & levytetrat)
`--+--+-- Gasteropelecidae (hatchetfishes; tapparatetrat/-kalat)
| `--+-- Bryconinae
| `--+-- Bryconops
| `-- Acestrorhynchus [Acestrorhynchidae]
`--+--+--+-- Stethaprioninae
| | `--+--o Gymnocorymbus (mustatetrat)
| | | |-- G. bondi (Fowler, 1911)
| | | |-- G. ternetzi (Boulenger, 1895) (mustatetra, suruvaippatetra; Black tetra)
| | | `-- G. thayeri Eigenmann, 1908 (False black tetra)
| | `--+-- Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin, 1909 (punalyhtytetra)
| | `-- Pristella maxillaris (Ulrey, 1894) (intiaaninsulka; X-ray tetra)
| `--+--+-- Hemigrammus bleheri Géry & Mahnert, 1986 (Firehead tetra; punapäätetra, “romminokka”)
| | |--+-- Hemigrammus erythrozonus Durbin, 1909 (Glowlight tetra; rubiinitetra)
| | | `--o Hasemania
| | | |-- H. crenuchoides Zarske & Géry, 1999
| | | |-- H. hanseni (Fowler, 1949)
| | | |-- H. maxillaris Ellis, 1911
| | | |-- H. melanura Ellis, 1911 (Copper tetra)
| | | `-- H. nana (Lütken, 1875) (kuparitetra; Silvertip tetra)
| | |--+-- Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner, 1882) [H. serpae] (pikkutetra, serpatetra)
| | | `--+-- Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma (Fowler, 1943) (kirsikkatetra; Bleeding-heart tetra)
| | | `-- Hyphessobrycon megalopterus (Eigenmann, 1915) (musta-aavetetra; Black phantom tetra)
| | `--+--o Brittanichthys
| | | |-- B. axelrodi Géry, 1965
| | | `-- B. myersi Géry, 1965
| | `--o Paracheirodon [Cheirodon] (neontetrat)
| | |-- P. axelrodi (Schultz, 1956) [Cheirodon axelrodi Schultz, 1956, Hyphessobrycon cardinalis] (kardinaalitetra; Cardinal tetra)
| | |-- P. innesi (Myers, 1936) (Neon tetra)
| | `-- P. simulans (Géry, 1963) (Green neon tetra)
| `--+--+--o Nematobrycon
| | | |-- N. lacortei Weitzman & Fink, 1971 (Rainbow tetra)
| | | `-- N. palmeri Eigenmann, 1911 (keisaritetra; Emperor tetra)
| | `--+-- Macropsobrycon xinguensis
| | `-- Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi Géry, 1961 (mustaneontetra; Black neon tetra)
| `--+--+--+-- Hollandichthys multifasciatus (Eigenmann & Norris, 1900)
| | | `--o Rachoviscus
| | | |-- R. crassiceps Myers, 1926
| | | `-- R. graciliceps Weitzman & Cruz, 1981
| | `--+-- Moenkhausia Eigenmann
| | `--o Thayeria
| | |-- T. boehlkei Weitzman, 1957 (kulmatetra; Blackline penguinfish)
| | |-- T. ifati Géry, 1959
| | `-- T. obliqua Eigenmann, 1908 (Penguinfish)
| `--+-- Jupiaba Zanata, 1997
| `--+--+--o Astyanacinus
| | | |-- A. goyanensis P. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1944
| | | |-- A. moorii (Boulenger, 1892)
| | | `-- A. multidens Pearson, 1924
| | `--+-- Inpaichthys kerri Géry & Junk, 1977 (kerritetra; Royal tetra)
| | `--o Ctenobrycon
| | |-- C. alleni (Eigenmann & McAtee, 1907)
| | |-- C. hauxwellianus (Cope, 1870)
| | |-- C. multiradiatus (Steindachner, 1876)
| | `-- C. spilurus (Valenciennes, 1850)
| `--+--+-- Astyanax cremnobates Bertaco & Malabarba, 2001
| | `-- Oligosarcus
| `--+-- Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi, 1853) [A. fasciatus mexicanus] (Mexican tetra; meksikonkiiltotetra)
| `-- Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann, 1907) [Hemigrammus caudovittatus] (lipputetra)
`--+--+-- Glandulocaudinae Menezes & Weitzman, 1990 [Glandulocaudini Menezes & Weitzman, 1990]
| `--o “Stewardiinae”
| |--o Corynopomini
| | |-- Corynopoma riisei Gill, 1858 [Cotynopoma??] (Swordtail characin; pikkuleijatetra)
| | |--o Gephyrocharax
| | | |-- G. atracaudata (Meek & Hildebrand, 1912)
| | | |-- G. caucanus Eigenmann, 1912
| | | |-- G. chaparae Fowler, 1940
| | | |-- G. chocoensis Eigenmann, 1912
| | | |-- G. intermedius Meek & Hildebrand, 1916
| | | |-- G. major Myers, 1929
| | | |-- G. martae Dahl, 1943
| | | |-- G. melanocheir Eigenmann, 1912
| | | |-- G. sinuensis Dahl & Medem, 1964
| | | |-- G. valencia Eigenmann, 1920
| | | |-- G. venezuelae Schultz, 1944
| | | `-- G. whaleri Hildebrand, 1938
| | `--o Pterobrycon
| | |-- P. landoni Eigenmann, 1913
| | `-- P. myrnae Bussing, 1974 (Semaphore tetra)
| `--+-- Hemibrycon [has been treated as tetragonopterine]
| `--+-- Creagrutus
| |?= “Bryconamericus” [has been treated as tetragonopterine]
| `--+--+-- Bryconamericus stramineus Eigenmann, 1908
| | `--o Pseudocorynopoma
| | |-- P. doriae Perugia, 1891 (Dragonfin tetra)
| | `-- P. heterandria Eigenmann, 1914
| `--+--+-- Bryconamericus diaphanus (Cope, 1878)
| | `--+-- Piabina argentea Reinhardt, 1867
| | |== “Knodus” [has been treated as tetragonopterine]
| | `-- Bryconadenos tanaothoros
| `--+--+==o “Hypobrycon”
| | | |-- H. leptorhynchus Silva & Malabarba, 1996
| | | `-- H. maromba Malabarba & Malabarba, 1994
| | |-- Bryconamericus patriciae da Silva, 2004
| | `--+-- Bryconamericus iheringii (Boulenger, 1887)
| | `-- Odontostoechus lethostigmus Gomes, 1947
| `--+-- Cyanocharax itaimbe Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003
| |?- Cyanocharax dicropotamicus Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003
| |?- Cyanocharax lepiclastus Malabarba, Weitzman & Casciotta, 2003
| |?- Cyanocharax macropinna Malabarba &Weitzman, 2003
| |?- Cyanocharax tipiaia Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003
| |--+-- Cyanocharax alegretensis Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003
| | `-- Cyanocharax uruguayensis (Messner, 1962) [Hyphessobrycon melanopleurus uruguayensis Messner, 1962]
| `--+-- Diapoma terofali (Géry, 1964)
| `--+-- Diapoma speculiferum Cope, 1894
| `-- Cyanocharax alburnus
`--+--+-- Cheirodontinae
| `--o Aphyocharax [Aphyocharacinae]
| |-- A. agassizii (Steindachner, 1882)
| |-- A. alburnus (Günther, 1869) (Goldencrown tetra)
| |-- A. analis Nichols, 1915
| |-- A. anisitsi Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Bloodfin tetra)
| |-- A. colifax Taphorn & Thomerson, 1991
| |-- A. dentatus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903
| |-- A. difficilis Marini, Nichols & La Monte, 1933
| |-- A. erythrurus Eigenmann, 1912 (Flametail tetra)
| |-- A. gracilis Fowler, 1940
| |-- A. melanotus Eigenmann, 1912
| |-- A. nattereri (Steindachner, 1882) (valkopilkkatetra)
| |-- A. paraguayensis Eigenmann, 1915 [=? A. nattereri]
| |-- A. pusillus Günther, 1868
| `-- A. rathbuni Eigenmann, 1907 (Redflank bloodfin; tulipyrstötetra)
`==o “Characinae”
|-- Exodon paradoxus Müller & Troschel, 1845 (Bucktooth tetra)
`--+--o Tetragonopterus Mioc. R. SA. [2]
| |-- T. argenteus Cuvier, 1816 (hopeatetra; silver tetra)
| `-- T. chalceus Spix & Agassiz, 1829
`--+--o Phenacogaster
| |-- P. beni Eigenmann, 1911
| |-- P. calverti (Fowler, 1941)
| |-- P. carteri (Norman, 1934)
| |-- P. franciscoensis Eigenmann, 1911
| |-- P. jancupa Malabarba & Lucena, 1995
| |-- P. megalostictus Eigenmann, 1909
| |-- P. microstictus Eigenmann, 1909
| |-- P. pectinatus (Cope, 1870)
| |-- P. suborbitalis Ahl, 1936
| `-- P. tegatus (Eigenmann, 1911)
`--+--o Galeocharax
| |-- G. gulo (Cope, 1870)
| |-- G. humeralis (Valenciennes, 1834)
| `-- G. knerii (Steindachner, 1875)
|-- Roeboides
`-- Cynopotamus
Characidae incertae sedis:
Acanthocharax microlepis Eigenmann, 1912
Acinocheirodon melanogramma Malabarba & Weitzman, 1999
Acestrocephalus
A. anomalus (Steindachner, 1880)
A. boehlkei Menezes, 1977
A. sardina (Fowler, 1913)
Acnodon
A. normani Gosline, 1951 Sheep-pacu
A. oligacanthus (Müller & Trochel, 1844)
A. senai Jégu & Santos, 1990
Acrobrycon
A. ipanquianus (Cope, 1877)
A. tarijae Fowler, 1940
Aphyocharacidium
A. bolivianum Géry, 1973
A. melandetum (Eigenmann, 1912)
Aphyocheirodon hemigrammus Eigenmann, 1915
Aphyodite grammica Eigenmann, 1912
Argopleura
A. chocoensis (Eigenmann, 1913)
A. conventus (Eigenmann, 1913)
A. diquensis (Eigenmann, 1913)
A. magdalenensis (Eigenmann, 1913)
Atopomesus pachyodus Myers, 1927
Attonitus Vari & Ortega, 2000
A. bounites Vari & Ortega, 2000
A. ephimeros Vari & Ortega, 2000
A. irisae Vari & Ortega, 2000
Aulixidens eugeniae Böhlke, 1952
Axelrodia
A. lindeae Géry, 1973
A. riesei Géry, 1966 (Ruby tetra)
A. stigmatias (Fowler, 1913)
Bario steindachneri (Eigenmann, 1893)
Boehlkea fredcochui Géry, 1966 (sinitetra; Cochu's blue tetra)
Bramocharax
B. baileyi Rosen, 1972
B. bransfordii Gill, 1877
B. caballeroi Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery, 1985
B. dorioni Rosen, 1970
Bryconacidnus
B. ellisi (Pearson, 1924)
B. paipayensis (Pearson, 1929)
Bryconella pallidifrons (Fowler, 1946)
Bryconexodon
B. juruenae Géry, 1980
B. trombetasi Jégu, Dos Santos & Ferreira, 1991
Caiapobrycon tucurui Malabarba & Vari, 2000
Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann, 1913)
Ceratobranchia
C. binghami Eigenmann, 1927
C. delotaenia Chernoff & Machado-Allison, 1990
C. elatior Tortonese, 1942
C. joanae Chernoff & Machado-Allison, 1990
C. obtusirostris Eigenmann, 1914
†Characilepis Mioc. SA.
Cheirodontops geayi Schultz, 1944
Chrysobrycon
C. hesperus (Böhlke, 1958)
C. myersi (Weitzman & Thomerson, 1970)
Clupeacharax anchoveoides Pearson, 1924 [Clupeacharacinae]
Coptobrycon bilineatus (Ellis, 1911)
Engraulisoma taeniatum Castro, 1981
†Eobrycon L. Tert. Plioc. SA
Eretmobrycon bayano Fink, 1975
†Eurocharax L. Eoc. Eu.
Genycharax tarpon Eigenmann, 1912
Grundulus bogotensis (Humboldt, 1821)
Gymnocharacinus bergii Steindachner, 1903 (Naked characin)
Gymnotichthys hildae Fernández-Yépez, 1950
Heterocharax
H. leptogrammus Toledo-Piza, 2000
H. macrolepis Eigenmann, 1912
H. virgulatus Toledo-Piza, 2000
Heterocheirodon
H. jacuiensis Malabarba & Bertaco, 1999
H. yatai (Casciotta, Miquelarena & Protogino, 1992)
Hoplocharax goethei Géry, 1966
Hysteronotus megalostomus Eigenmann, 1922
Iotabrycon praecox Roberts, 1973
Leptagoniates
L. pi Vari, 1978
L. steindachneri Boulenger, 1887
Leptobrycon jatuaranae Eigenmann, 1915
Lonchogenys ilisha Myers, 1927
Markiana
M. geayi (Pellegrin, 1908)
M. nigripinnis (Perugia, 1891)
Microgenys
M. lativirgatus Pearson, 1927
M. minutus Eigenmann, 1913
M. weyrauchi Fowler, 1945
Microschemobrycon
M. callops Böhlke, 1953
M. casiquiare Böhlke, 1953
M. elongatus Géry, 1973
M. geisleri Géry, 1973
M. guaporensis Eigenmann, 1915
M. meyburgi Meinken, 1975
Monotocheirodon pearsoni Eigenmann, 1924
Mylesinus
M. paraschomburgkii Jégu, Santos & Ferreira, 1989
M. paucisquamatus Jégu & Santos, 1988
M. schomburgkii Valenciennes, 1850
Mylossoma
M. acanthogaster (Valenciennes, 1850)
M. aureum (Agassiz, 1829)
M. duriventre (Cuvier, 1818)
Nanocheirodon insignis (Steindachner, 1880)
Nematocharax venustus Weitzman, Menezes & Britski, 1986
Oligobrycon microstomus Eigenmann, 1915
Opisthanodus haerteli Ahl, 1935
Othonocheirodus eigenmanni Myers, 1927
Oxybrycon parvulus Géry, 1964
Paragoniates alburnus Steindachner, 1876
Parapristella
P. aubynei (Eigenmann, 1909)
P. georgiae Géry, 1964
Parecbasis cyclolepis Eigenmann, 1914 Pleist. R. SA.
Petitella georgiae Géry & Boutière, 1964 (punasuutetra; False rummynose tetra)
Phenagoniates macrolepis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)
Piabarchus
P. analis (Eigenmann, 1914)
P. torrenticola Mahnert & Géry, 1988
Piaractus
P. brachypomus (Cuvier, 1818) (Pirapitinga)
P. mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887)
Planaltina myersi Böhlke, 1954
Prionobrama
P. amazonae (Eigenmann, 1914)
P. filigera (Cope, 1870) (Glass bloodfin)
P. paraguayensis (Eigenmann, 1914)
†Procharax Plioc. SA.
Psalidodon gymnodontus Eigenmann, 1911
Psellogrammus kennedyi (Eigenmann, 1903)
Pseudochalceus
P. kyburzi Schultz, 1966
P. lineatus Kner, 1863
P. longianalis Géry, 1972
Pseudocheirodon
P. arnoldi (Boulenger, 1909)
P. terrabae Bussing, 1967
Ptychocharax rhyacophila Weitzman, Fink, Machado-Allison & Royero L., 1994
Rhinobrycon negrensis Myers, 1944
Rhinopetitia myersi Géry, 1964
Roeboexodon guyanensis (Puyo, 1948)
Saccoderma
S. hastatus (Eigenmann, 1913)
S. melanostigma Schultz, 1944
S. robusta Dahl, 1955
Schultzites axelrodi Géry, 1964
Scopaeocharax
S. atopodus (Böhlke, 1958)
S. rhinodus (Böhlke, 1958)
Serrabrycon magoi Vari, 1986
Stichonodon insignis (Steindachner, 1876)
Stygichthys typhlops Brittan & Böhlke, 1965 (Blind tetra)
Thrissobrycon pectinifer Böhlke, 1953
Tometes trilobatus Valenciennes, 1850
Tucanoichthys tucano Géry & Römer, 1997
Tyttocharax
T. cochui (Ladiges, 1950)
T. madeirae Fowler, 1913 (Blackedge tetra)
T. tambopatensis Weitzman & Ortega, 1995
Utiaritichthys
U. longidorsalis Jégu, Tito de Morais, & Santos, 1992
U. sennaebragai Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937
Xenagoniates bondi Myers, 1942
Agoniatinae
Agoniates
A. anchovia Eigenmann, 1914
A. halecinus Müller & Troschel, 1845
“Characinae” (tetrat) [paraphyletic assemblage]
“Tetragonopterinae”
Iguanodectinae
Rhoadsiinae
Carlana eigenmanni (Meek, 1912)
Parastremma
P. alba Dahl, 1960
P. pulchra Dahl, 1960
P. sadina Eigenmann, 1912
Rhoadsia
R. altipinna Fowler, 1911
R. minor Eigenmann & Henn, 1914
Stewardiinae
Pseudocorynopoma
P. doriae Perugia, 1891 (Dragonfin tetra)
P. heterandria Eigenmann, 1914
Diapoma
D. terofali (Géry, 1964)
D. speculiferum Cope, 1894
Landonini
Landonia latidens Eigenmann & Henn, 1914
Phenacobryconini
Phenacobrycon henni (Eigenmann, 1914)
Xenurobryconini
Xenurobrycon
X. heterodon Weitzman & Fink, 1985
X. macropus Myers & Miranda-Ribeiro, 1945
X. polyancistrus Weitzman, 1987
X. pteropus Weitzman & S. Fink, 1985
Stewardiini
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
- Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds), 2001: FishBase.
–iNet: www.fishbase.org
- Javonillo, R., Malabarba, L. R., Weitzman, S. H. & Burns, J. R., 2010: Relationships among major lineages of characid fishes (teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), based on molecular sequence data.
–Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution: Vol. 54, pp. 498-511 [doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.026]
- Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 5: Kalat, sammakkoeläimet, matelijat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original publication [in French]: Beauté Du Monde Animal: IX Reptiles/Amphibiens & X Poissons.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano 1968.
- Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1994, xx-600
- Varjo, M., 2001: Akvaario-opas. [in Finnish]
–AquaGeo & Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy, Jyväskylä, 2001, 1-143
