After Pepin, 199?, Caldwell, 1999, Lee & Caldwell, 2000, Balsai, 2001, and Conrad, Rieppel & Grande, 2008
<==o Platynota Baur, 1890 (non Camp, 1923?) (varaanintapaiset liskot; Varanus-like lizards) |?- †Pachyvaranus crassispondylus Arambourgh, 1952 |?- †Platynota gen. et sp. indet. Augé, 2003 [Varanoidea indet. Augé et al., 1997] L.Eoc. WEu. |?- †Proplatynota longirostrata (Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1984) [Proplatynotia Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1984] |?-o †Parviraptor Evans, 1994 [treated as basal snakes by Caldwell et al., 2015] | |-- †P. estesi Evans, 1994 | `-- †P. gilmorei Evans, 1996 [= Diablophis gilmorei (Evans) Caldwell, Nydam, Palci & Apesteguía, 2015] |?- †“Saniwa” feisti Stritzke, 1983 |--o †“Necrosauridae” Hoffstetter, 1943 [Parasaniwidae Estes, 1964] [paraphyletic?] | |?- †Provaranosaurus acutus Gilmore 1942 | |-- †Colpodontosaurus cracens Estes, 1964 | |-- †Eosaniwa koehni Haubold, 1977; M.Eoc. CEu. | |-- †Parviderma inexacta Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1984 | |--o †Necrosaurus cayluxi Filhol, 1873 [Melanosauroides; Odontomophis; Palaeosaurus; Palaeovaranus] | | |-- †N. cayluxi Filhol, 1873 | | |-- †N. eucarinatus Kuhn, 1940 | | `-- †N. filholi De Stefano, 1903 | `-- †Parasaniwa wyomingensis Gilmore 1928 `--+?- †Gobiderma pulchrum Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1984 [Gobidermatidae] `--o Thecoglossa `--o Varanoidea Boulenger, 1891 [non Camp, 1923] sensu Belsai, 2001 [last common ancestor of Lanthanotus, Heloderma & Varanus] |?- †Aiolosaurus oriens Gao & Norell, 2000 |?- †Ovoo gurvel Norell, Gao & Conrad, 2007 |--+--o Lanthanotinae [Lanthanotidae] (kuurovaraanit) | | |-- †Cherminotus longifrons Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1984 | | `-- Lanthanotus borneensis Steindachner, 1878 (kuurovaraani; earless monitor) | `--+?- †Palaeosaniwa canadensis Gilmore, 1928 [Megasaurus] | `--o Monstersauria Norell & Gao, 1997 [Estesioidea] | |?- †Labrodioctes montanensis Gao & Fox, 1996 | |?- †Telmasaurus grangeri Gilmore, 1943 | |-- †Gobiderma pulchrum Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1984 [Gobidermatidae] | `--o Helodermatoidea | |-- †Paraderma bogerti Estes, 1964 | |-- †Primaderma nessovi Nydam, 2000 | `--o Helodermatidae Gray, 1837 sensu Mead, Schubert, Wallace & Swift, 2012 (myrkkyliskot) | |-- †Estesia mongoliensis Norell, McKenna & Novacek, 1992 | `--+-- †Eurheloderma gallicum Hoffstetter, 1957 | `--+-- †Lowesaurus matthewi Pregill, Gauthier & Greene, 1986 | `--o Helodermatidae (myrkkyliskot) | |?- ?†Helodermatidae indet. Augé, 2003; L.Eoc. WEu. | |?- ?†Helodermatidae indet. Mead, Schubert, Wallace & Swift, 2012; Mioc.-Plioc. CNAm. | `--o Heloderma Wiegmann, 1829; E.Mioc.-R. WNAm. (myrkkyliskot) | |-- †H. texana Stevens, 1977 | |--o H. suspectum Cope, 1896 (gila monster; gilahirviö) | | |-- H. s. cinctum Bogert & Martín del Campo, 1956 (Banded Gila Monster) | | `-- H. s. suspectum Cope, 1896 (Reticulate Gila Monster) | `--o H. horridus Wiegmann, 1829 (beaded lizard; skorpionilisko) | |-- H. h. horridus Wiegmann, 1829 | |-- H. h. alvarezi Bogert & Martín del Campo, 1956 | |-- H. h. exasperatum Bogert & Martín del Campo, 1956 | `-- H. h. charlesbogerti Campbell & Vannini, 1988 `--o Varanoidea Camp, 1923 sensu tradionalis [all platynotans closer to Varanus than to Heloderma] |-- Pythonomorpha Cope, 1869 sensu Lee & Caldwell, 2000 (käärmeet & meriliskot; snakes & mosasaurids) `--o Varanidae Merrem, 1820 (varaanit, monitor lizards) ["Varanoinea"] |?- †Iberovaranus catalaunicus Hoffstetter, 1969; Mioc. Eu. [=? Varanus Delfino, Rage, Bolet & Alba (in press)] |?- †Chilingosaurus chingshankouensis Young, 1961 |--+-- †Telmasaurus grangeri Gilmore, 1943 [also treated as basal Monstersaurian] | `-- †Saniwides mongoliensis Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1984 `--+--o †Saniwa Leidy, 1870 [Thinosaurus Marsh 1872] [Saniwinae Camp, 1923] | |-- †S. ensidens Leidy, 1870 [taxonomic history] | |-- †S. orsmaelensis Dollo, 1923; Estes, 1983 | `-- †S. edura Smith, 2006 `-- Varanus Merrem, 1820 [Hydrosaurus Wagler, 1830] ?L.Eoc. As., Olig.-R. Aust., M.Mioc.-R. As.; L.Mioc.-R. Af., Mioc. Eu. (varaanit, monitor lizards)
Alternative phylogenies of Platynota:
After Ivanov, Ruta, Klembara & Böhme, 2018<==o Platynota |-- †Parasaniwa wyomingensis `--+-- †Eosaniwa koehni `--+-- Heloderma `--+-- †Necrosaurus eucarinatus `--+--+-- †Saniwa feisti | `-- †Necrosaurus cayluxi `--+-- †Cherminotus longifrons `--+--+-- †Ovoo gurvel | `-- †Mosasauroidea `--+-- “Varanid – Yale Quarry” `--+-- Lanthanotus `--+--+-- †Saniwa ensidens | `-- Varanus `--+-- †Telmasaurus grangeri `--+--+-- †Saniwides mongoliensis | `-- †Parviderma inexacta `--+-- †Aiolosaurus oriens `--+-- †Proplatynotia longirostrata `--+-- “Saniwa – Jebel Qatrani” `-- †Paravaranus angustifrons Reference(s):
|
After Conrad, Rieppel & Grande, 2008<==o Platynota |-- †“Saniwa” feisti `--+-- †Necrosaurus `--+--+-- †Saniwides | `-- †Telmasaurus `--+-- †Aiolosaurus |-- Lanthanotus |-- †Cherminotus |-- †Ovoo `--+-- †Saniwa `-- Varanus Reference(s):
|
After Norell, Gao & Conrad, 2007 (fig. 7b)<==o Platynota |-- †Mosasauria `--+-- †“Saniwa” feisti |-- †Necrosaurus `--+--+-- †Saniwides | `-- †Telmasaurus `--+-- †Aiolosaurus |--+-- Lanthanotus | `-- †Cherminotus `--+-- †Ovoo `--+-- †Saniwa `-- Varanus Reference(s):
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After Rieppel, Conrad & Maisano, 2007<==o Platynota |-- †Parasaniwa `--+-- †Parviderma `--o Varanoidea |-- Monstersauria `--+-- †Necrosaurus `--+-- †“Saniwa” feisti `--+-- †Proplatynotia `--+--+-- †Telmasaurus | `--+-- †Saniwides | `-- Varanidae `--+-- †Eosaniwa `--+-- †Parasaniva `--+-- †Dolichosauridae `-- †Mosasauroidea Reference(s):
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After Nydam, 2000, and Balsai, 2001<==o Platynota |?- †Parviraptor `--o ?Thecoglossa |--+?- †Palaeosaniwa | `-- Monstersauria `--o Varanoidea |?- †Proplatynota |==o †Necrosauridae | |?- †Provaranosaurus | |-- †Colpodontosaurus | |-- †Eosaniwa | |-- †Parviderma | |-- †Necrosaurus | `-- †Parasaniwa `--o Varanidae |?- †Pachyvaranus |?- †Iberovaranus |?- †Chilingosaurus `--+-- †Telmasaurus `--+-- †Saniwa `--+--o Lanthanotinae | |-- †Cherminotus | `-- Lanthanotus `--o Varaninae |?- †Saniwides `-- Varanus |
Reference(s):
- Alifanov, V. R., 2000: The fossil record of Cretaceous lizards from Mongolia. 368-389
in Benton, M. J., Shishkin, M. A., Unvin, D. M. & Kurochkin, E. N., (eds.) 2000: The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 xxxix-696 - Augé, M., 2003: La faune de Lacertilia (Reptilia, Squamata) de l'Éocène inférieur de Prémontré (Bassin de Paris, France)
[The lizard fauna (Reptilia, Squamata) from the lower Eocene locality of Prémontré (Paris Basin, France)].
–Geodiversitas: Vol. 25, #3, pp. 539-574 - Balsai, M. J., 2001: Redescription and revised taxonomy of Palaeosaniwa canadensis based upon new more complete material.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #3, Supplement to #3, pp. 31A - De Buffrénil, V., Bardet, N., Pereda-Suberbiola, X. & Bouya, B., 2008: Specialization of bone structure in Pachyvaranus crassispondylus Arambourg, 1952, an aquatic squamate from the Late Cretaceous of the southern Tethyan margin.
–Lethaia: Vol. 41, #1, pp. 59-69 [doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00042.x] - Caldwell, M. W., 1999: Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new species of Coniasaurus Owen, 1850.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 19, #3, pp. 438 - 455 - Caldwell, M. W., 1999: Squamate phylogeny and the relationships of snakes and mosasauroids.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society; Vol. 125, pp. 115-147 - Caldwell, M. W., 2003: Holotype snout elements of Saniwa ensidens reassigned to cf. Restes sp. indet. (Xenosauridae).
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 77, #2, pp. 393-396 - Caldwell, M. W. & Cooper, J. A. 2000: Redescription, palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology of Coniasaurus grassidens Owen, 1850 (Squamata) from the Lower Chalk (Cretaceous; Cenomanian) of SE England.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: vol. 127, #4, pp. 423-452. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Conrad, J. L., Rieppel, O. C. & Grande, L., 2008: Re-assessment of varanid evolution based on new data from Saniwa ensidens Leidy, 1870 (Squamata, Reptilia).
–American Museum Novitates: #3630, pp. 1-15 - Evans, S. E. & Barbadillo, J., 1997: Early Cretaceous lizards from Las Hoyas, Spain.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 119, #1, pp. 23-49. - Gao, K.-Q. & Norell, M. A., 2000: Taxonomic composition and systematics of Late Cretaceous lizard assemblages from Ukhaa Tolgod and adjacent localities, Mongolian Gobi Desert.
–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: #249, pp. 1-118 - Lee, M. S. Y. & Caldwell, M. W., 2000: Adriosaurus and the affinities of mosasaurs, dolichosaurs, and snakes.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 74, #5, pp. 915-937 - Mead, J. I., Schubert, B. W., Wallace, S. C. & Swift, S. L., 2012: Helodermatid Lizard from the Mio-Pliocene Oak-Hickory Forest of Tennessee, Eastern USA, and a Review of Monstersaurian Osteoderms.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 57, #1, pp. 111-121 [doi: 10.4202/app.2010.0083] - Norell, M. A., Gao, K.-Q. & Conrad, J., 2008: A New Platynotan Lizard (Diapsida: Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous Gobi Desert (Ömnögov), Mongolia.
–American Museum Novitates: #3605, pp. 1-22 [doi: 10.1206/0003-0082(2008)3605[1:ANPLDS]2.0.CO;2] - Nydam, R. L., 2000: A new taxon of helodermatid-like lizard from the Albian-Cenomanian of Utah.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 20, #2, pp. 285-294 - Nydam, R. L., 2002: Lizards of the Mussentuchit Local Fauna (Albian-Cenomanian Boundary) and comments on the evolution of the Cretaceous lizard fauna of North America.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #3, pp. 645-660 - Pepin, D. J., 199?: The origin of monitor lizards based on a review of the fossil evidence.
–iNet: http://artsci.wustl.edu/~djpepin/fossil.html - Pianka, E. R., 199?: Evolution of varanid lizards.
–iNet: http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~varanus/varanus.html - Rage, J.-C. & Bailon, S., 2005: Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late Early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France).
–Geodiversitas: Vol. 27, #3, pp. 413-441 - Rieppel, O., Conrad, J. L. & Maisano, J. A., 2007: New morphological data for Eosaniwa koehni Haubold, 1977 and a revised phylogenetic analysis.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 81, #4, pp. 760-769 [doi: 10.1666/pleo0022-3360(2007)081[0760:NMDFEK]2.0.CO;2] - Rieppel, O. & Grande, L., 2007: The anatomy of the fossil varanid lizard Saniwa ensidens Leidy, 1870, based on a newly discovered complete skeleton.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 81, #4, pp. 643-665 [doi: 10.1666/pleo0022-3360(2007)081[0643:TAOTFV]2.0.CO;2] - Uetz, P., Etzold, T. & Chenna, R., 1995-2000: The TIGR Reptile Database
[former EMBL Reptile Database]
–iNet: http://www.reptile-database.org/