After Baker, Pereira & Paton, 2007, and Smith & Clarke, 2012, with Recent species from Peterson, 2002-2016, and Finnish vernacular names from Lokki, Jännes & Nikander, 1992
<==o Lari |--o Turnicidae (Gray, 1840) (buttonquails; lyhytjalkajuoksijat) | |-- Ortyxelos meiffrenii (Vieillot, 1819) Vieillot, 1825 (kurmitsajuoksija) | `-- Turnix Bonnaterre, 1791 (button quails; pyyjuoksijat) `--+-- Glareolidae `--+--+-- Alcidae | `--o Stercorariidae (skuas; kihut) | |--o Catharacta (great skuas; isokihut) | | |-- C. skua (Brunnich, 1764) (isokihu) | | |-- C. antarctica (Lesson, 1831 (etelänkihu) | | |-- †C. lonnbergi (Mathews, 1912) | | |-- C. chilensis Bonaparte, 1857) (chilenkihu) | | `-- C. maccormicki (H. Saunders, 1893) (etelämantereenkihu) | `--o Stercorarius Brisson, 1760 (skuas; kihut) | |-- †S. shufeldti | |-- S. pomarinus (Temminck, 1815) (leveäpyrstökihu) | |-- S. parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (merikihu) | `-- S. longicaudus Vieillot, 1816 (tunturikihu) `==o Sternidae Bonaparte, 1838 sensu lato? |--o Anous Stephens, 1826 (ruskotiirat) | |-- A. stolidus (Linnaeus, 1758) (ruskotiira) | |-- A. tenuirostris (Temminck, 1823) (pikkuruskotiira) | `-- A. minutus Boie, 1844 (tummaruskotiira) `--+--o Gygis Wagler, 1832 (keijutiirat) | |-- G. microrhyncha H. Saunders, 1876 (little white tern) | `--o G. alba (Sparrman, 1786) (keijutiira) | |-- G. a. candida (common white tern) | `-- G. a. alba (atlantic white tern) `--+--o Rynchopidae | `--o Rynchops Linnaeus, 1758 [Rynchopidae Bonaparte, 1838] (scissorbills; saksinokat) | |-- R. niger Linnaeus, 1758 (amerikansaksinokka) | |-- R. flavirostris Vieillot, 1816 (afrikansaksinokka) | `-- R. albicollis Swainson, 1838 (intiansaksinokka) `--+--o Laridae Rafinesque, 1815 8gulls; lokit) | |?- †Gaviota niobrara Miller & Sibley, 1941 | `--+--o Larus Linnaeus, 1758 (lokit) | | |?- †L. sp. [St. Helena Isl.] | | |?- †L. elegans | | |?- †L. totanoides | | |?- †L. pristinus | | |?- †L. robustus | | |?- †L. oregonus | | |?- †L. elmorei | | |?- †L. desnoyersii | | |?- †L. perpetuus Emslie, 1995b | | |?- †L. lacus Emslie, 1995b | | |--+-- L. melanocephalus Temminck, 1820 (mustanmerenlokki) | | | `--+-- L. relictus Lonnberg, 1931 (mongolianlokki) | | | `-- L. ichthyaetus Pallas, 1773 (mustapäälokki) | | `--+-- L. pipixcan Wagler, 1831 (preerianaurulokki) | | `--+-- L. atricilla Linnaeus, 1758 (nokisiipilokki) | | `--+-- L. scoresbii Traill, 1823 [Gabianus scoresbii] (delfiinilokki) | | `--+--+--+-- L. hemprichii (Bruch, 1853) (nokilokki) | | | | `-- L. leucophthalmus Temminck, 1825 (valkosilmälokki) | | | `--+-- L. heermanni Cassin, 1852 (meksikonlokki) | | | `--+-- L. modestus Tschudi, 1843 (aavikkolokki) | | | `-- L. fuliginosus Gould, 1841 (laavalokki) | | `--+--+-- L. belcheri Vigors, 1829 (keltajalkalokki) | | | `-- L. atlanticus Olrog, 1958 (Olrog's Gull) | | `--+-- L. crassirostris Vieillot, 1818 (japaninlokki) | | `--+-- L. pacificus Latham, 1802 [Gabianus pacificus] (keisarilokki) | | `--+--+-- L. dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823 -african form (etelänselkälokki) | | | `--+-- L. californicus Lawrence, 1854 (preerialokki) | | | `--+-- L. audouinii Payraudeau, 1826 (välimerenlokki) | | | `--+-- L. armenicus Buturlin, 1934 (armenianlokki) | | | `--+-- L. delawarensis Ord, 1815 (rengasnokkalokki) | | | `--o L. canus Linnaeus, 1758 (kalalokki) | | | |-- L. c. canus (euraasiankalalokki) | | | `--+-- L. c. sp. (amerikankalalokki) | | | `-- L. c. kamtschatschensis (kamtschatkankalalokki) (idänkalalokki) | | `--+-- L. livens Dwight, 1919 (kalifornianlokki) | | `--+-- L. dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823 -non african forms (etelänselkälokki) | | `--+--o L. fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 (selkälokki) | | | |-- L. f. graellsi (Dark-backed Gull) | | | `-- L. f. fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 (Lesser Black-backed Gull) | | `--+--o L. cachinnans Pallas, 1811 (Yellow-legged Gull) | | | |-- L. c. atlantis (Atlantic Islands Gull) | | | `-- L. c. cachinnans Pallas, 1811 (Yellow-legged Gull) | | `--+-- L. marinus Linnaeus, 1758 (merilokki) | | `--+-- L. argentatus ?vegae (Vega Gull) | | |?- L. argentatus ?argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 (harmaalokki) | | `--+-- L. schistisagus Stejneger, 1884 (ohotanlokki) | | `--+-- L. occidentalis Audubon, 1839 (amerikanmerilokki) | | `--+?- L. argentatus heuglini (Heuglin's Gull) | | `--+--+-- L. glaucescens J.F. Naumann, 1840 (amerikanisolokki) | | | `-- L. thayeri W.S. Brooks, 1915 (eskimolokki) | | `--+-- L. glaucoides kumlieni (Kumlien's Gull) | | `--+-- L. glaucoides glaucoides B. Meyer, 1822 (Iceland Gull) | | `-- L. hyperboreus Gunnerus, 1767 (isolokki) | `--+--+-- Pagophila eburnea (Phipps, 1774) Kaup, 1829 (jäälokki) | | `--+--+-- Xema sabini (Sabine, 1819) Leach, 1819 (tiiralokki) | | | `-- Creagrus furcatus (Neboux, 1846) Bonaparte, 1854 (yölokki) | | `--o Rissa Stephens, 1826 (kajavat) | | |-- R. brevirostris (Bruch, 1853) (punajalkakajava) | | `-- R. tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) (pikkukajava) | `--+--o Hydrocoloeus (pikkulokit) | | |-- H. minutus (Pallas, 1776) [Larus minutus] (pikkulokki) | | `-- H. rosea (MacGillivray, 1824) [Rhodostethia rosea (MacGillivray, 1824) Macgillivray, 1842 ] (ruusulokki) | `--o Chroicocephala [Larus] (naurulokit) [13 Recent species] | |?- C. scopulinus (J.R. Forster, 1844) [Larus scopulinus J.R. Forster, 1844] (Red-billed Gull) | |-- C. saundersi (Swinhoe, 1871) (kiinannaurulokki) | `--+-- C. philadelphia (Ord, 1815) (kuusilokki) | `--+-- C. serranus (Tschudi, 1844) (andienlokki) | `--+--+-- C. genei (Breme, 1839) (kaitanokkalokki) | | |?- †C. lacus | | `-- C. ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766) (naurulokki) | `--+-- C. maculipennis (Lichtenstein, 1823) (eteläamerikanlokki) | `--+--+-- C. cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1818) (harmaapäälokki) [South America] | | `--+-- C. brunnicephalus (Jerdon, 1840) (vuorilokki) | | `-- C. cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1818) (harmaapäälokki) [Africa] | `--+-- C. novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) (hopealokki) [Australia] | `--+-- C. novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) (hopealokki) [New Zealand] | `--+-- C. hartlaubii (Bruch, 1855) (King Gull) | `-- C. bulleri Hutton, 1871 (uudenseelanninlokki) `--o Sternidae Bonaparte, 1838 sensu stricto? |?-o Procelsterna cerulea (F.D. Bennett, 1840) Lafresnaye, 1842 (sinitiira) | |-- P. c. cerulea (blue noddy) | `-- P. c. albivitta (grey noddy) |--+-- Phaetusa simplex (Gmelin, 1789) Wagler, 1832 (isonokkatiira) | `--o Sternula F Boie, 1822 [Sterna Linnaeus, 1758 in partim] (little white terns; pikkutiirat) | |-- S. nereis (Gould, 1843) (Fairy tern; australianpikkutiira) | |-- S. balaenarum (Strickland, 1852) (Damara tern; afrikanpikkutiira) | |-- S. albifrons (Pallas, 1764) (Little tern; pikkutiira) | |-- S. saundersi (Hume, 1877= [S. saundersii] (Saunders's tern; arabianmerentiira) | |-- S. antillarum (Lesson, 1847) (Least tern; amerikanpikkutiira) | |-- S. superciliaris (Vieillot, 1819) (Yellow-billed tern; keltanokkatiira) | `-- S. lorata (Philippi & Landbeck, 1861) (Peruvian tern; chilenpikkutiira) `--+--+-- Larosterna inca (Lesson, 1827) Blyth, 1852 (inkatiira) | `--+-- Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas, 1770) Kaup, 1829 [Sterna caspia Pallas, 1770; Hydroprogne tschegrava; Helopus caspius] (Caspian tern; räyskä) | `-- Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789) CL Brehm, 1830 [Sterna nilotica Gmelin, 1789] (Gull-billed tern; hietatiira) `--+--o Chlidonias Rafinesque, 1822 (mustatiirat) | |-- C. albostriatus (GR Gray, 1845) [Sterna albistriata GR Gray, 1845] (sea martin, ploughboy, inland tern, riverbed tern; tara, tarapiroe; uudenseelannintiira) | |-- C. hybrida (Pallas, 1811) [C. hybridus] (valkoposkitiira) | |-- C. leucopterus (Temminck, 1815) (valkosiipitiira) | `-- C. niger (Linnaeus, 1758) (mustatiira) `--+--o Thalasseus F Boie, 1822 [Sterna Linnaeus, 1758 in partim] (Crested terns,; töyhtötiirat) | |-- T. bengalensis (Lesson, 1831) (Lesser crested tern; pikkutöyhtötiira) | |-- T. maximus (Boddaert, 1783) (Royal tern; kuningastiira) | |-- T. bergii (Lichtenstein, 1823) (Greater crested tern, swift tern; töyhtötiira) | |-- T. bernsteini (Schlegel, 1863) (Chinese crested tern; filippiinientiira) | |-- T. elegans (Gambel, 1849) (Elegant tern; kaunotiira) | |--o T. sandvicensis (Latham, 1787) (Sandwich tern; riuttatiira) | | |-- T. s. sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern) | | `-- T. s. eurygnatha (Cayenne Tern) | `-- T. acuflavidus (Cabot's tern) `--+--o Onychoprion Wagler, 1832 [Sterna Linnaeus, 1758 in partim] (brown-backed terns) | |-- O. aleuticus (SF Baird, 1869) [Sterna aleutica S.F. Baird, 1869] (Aleutian tern; aleuttientiira) | |-- O. lunatus (Peale, 1848) [Sterna lunata Peale, 1848] (Spectacled tern; oseaniantiira) | |-- O. anaethetus (Scopoli, 1786) [Sterna anaethetus Scopoli, 1786] (Bridled tern; tropiikkitiira) | `-- O. fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1766) [S. fuscata Linnaeus, 1766] (Sooty tern; nokitiira) `--o Sterna Linnaeus, 1758 (kalatiirat) |-- S. aurantia J.E. Gray, 1831 (jokitiira) |-- S. hirundinacea Lesson, 1831 (eteläamerikantiira) |-- S. hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 (kalatiira) |-- S. paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763 (lapintiira) |-- S. vittata Gmelin, 1789 (eteläntiira) |-- S. virgata Cabanis, 1875 (kerguelantiira) |-- S. forsteri Nuttall, 1834 (hopeatiira) |-- S. trudeaui Audubon, 1838 (rengasnokkatiira) |-- S. dougallii Montagu, 1813 (ruusutiira) |-- S. striata Gmelin, 1789 (mustanokkatiira) |-- S. repressa Hartert, 1916 (arabiantiira) |-- S. acuticauda J.E. Gray, 1831 (mustavatsatiira) `-- S. sumatrana Raffles, 1822 (mustaniskatiira)
After Smith & Clarke, 2012<==o Charadriiformes |-- Charadrii `--+-- Scolopaci `--o Lari |-- Rhinoptilus `--+-- Glareolidae `--+--+-- Stercorariidae | `--o Pan-Alcidae | |-- †Mancallinae | `-- Alcidae `--+-- Anous `--+-- Laridae `--+-- Rynchopidae `-- Sternidae Reference(s):
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After Chu, 1998<==o Laridae sensu Chu, 1998 (Lokit) |?- †Gaviota niobrara `--+-- Larus Linnaeus, 1758 (lokit) [35? Recent species] `--+--+-- Pagophila eburnea (Phipps, 1774) Kaup, 1829 (jäälokki) | `--+--+-- Xema sabini (Sabine, 1819) Leach, 1819 (tiiralokki) | | `-- Creagrus furcatus (Neboux, 1846) Bonaparte, 1854 (yölokki) | `--o Rissa Stephens, 1826 (kajavat) | |-- R. brevirostris (Bruch, 1853) (punajalkakajava) | `-- R. tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) (pikkukajava) `--+--o Hydrocoloeus (pikkulokit) | |-- H. minutus (Pallas, 1776) [Larus minutus] (pikkulokki) | `-- H. rosea (MacGillivray, 1824) [Rhodostethia rosea (MacGillivray, 1824) Macgillivray, 1842 ] (ruusulokki) `--o Chroicocephala [Larus] (naurulokit) [13 Recent species] |?- C. scopulinus (J.R. Forster, 1844) [Larus scopulinus J.R. Forster, 1844] (Red-billed Gull) |-- C. saundersi (Swinhoe, 1871) (kiinannaurulokki) `--+-- C. philadelphia (Ord, 1815) (kuusilokki) `--+-- C. serranus (Tschudi, 1844) (andienlokki) `--+--+-- C. genei (Breme, 1839) (kaitanokkalokki) | |?- †C. lacus | `-- C. ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766) (naurulokki) `--+-- C. maculipennis (Lichtenstein, 1823) (eteläamerikanlokki) `--+--+-- C. cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1818) (harmaapäälokki) [South America] | `--+-- C. brunnicephalus (Jerdon, 1840) (vuorilokki) | `-- C. cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1818) (harmaapäälokki) [Africa] `--+-- C. novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) (hopealokki) [Australia] `--+-- C. novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) (hopealokki) [New Zealand] `--+-- C. hartlaubii (Bruch, 1855) (King Gull) `-- C. bulleri Hutton, 1871 (uudenseelanninlokki) Reference(s):
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Reference(s):
- Baker, A. J., Pereira, S. L. & Paton, T. A., 2008: Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds - Erratum.
–Biology Letters: Vol. 4, #6, pp. 762-763 [doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606erratum] - Baker, A. J., Pereira, S. L. & Paton, T. A., 2007: Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds.
–Biology Letters: Vol. 3, #2, pp. 205-210 [doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606] - Bridge, E. S., Jones, A. W. & Baker, A. J., 2005: A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution.
–Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution: Vol. 35, #2, pp. 459-469 [doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010] - Chu, P. C., 1998: A phylogeny of the Gulls (Aves: Larinae) inferred from osteological and integumentary characters.
–Cladistics: Vol. 14, #1, pp. 1-43 - Ericson, P. G. P., 1997: Systematic relationships of the palaeogene family Presbyornithidae (Aves: Anseriformes).
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 121, #4, pp. 429-483 [doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01286.x] - Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1996: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996, x-420 - Lokki, J., Jännes, H. & Nikander, P. J., 1992: Otavan lintutieto.
–Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, pp. 1-440
Translated from: Perrins, C. M. (ed.), 1990: The Illustrated encyclopaedia of birds.
–Headline Book Publishing Plc., London, England, 1990 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Peterson, A. P., 2002-2017: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2004-12-24)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2016] - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111. - Smith, N. A. & Clarke, J. A., 2012: Endocranial Anatomy of the Charadriiformes: Sensory System Variation and the Evolution of Wing-Propelled Diving.
–Plos One: Vol. 7, #11, art.nr. e49584 [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049584] - Van Tuinen, M., Waterhouse, D. & J. Dyke, G., 2004: Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships.
–Journal of Avian Biology: Vol. 35, #3, pp. 191-194 [doi: 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03362.x]