After, and Frost et al., 2006, with species from Frost, 2000-2002 [“AMNH Amphibian species of the World”]
Alternative phylogeny after Graybeal, 1997 (fig. 9)
<==o Bufonidae Gray, 1825 (toads; konnat) [taxonomic history] |?- †Bufonidae genera et species indet. [L.Pal. WEu.] [Rage, 2003] |--o Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 (tynkäkonnat) | |-- M. atroluteus | |-- M. cambaraensis | |-- M. devincenzii | |-- M. macrogranulosus | |-- M. montevidensis | |-- M. moreirae | |-- M. orejasmirandai | |-- M. rubriventris | |-- M. sanmartini | |-- M. stelzneri (argentiinantynkäkonna) | `-- M. tumifrons `--+--+-- Atelopus Duméril & Bibron, 1841 (värikonnat) | `--o Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza & Hernández-Camacho, 1976 | |-- O. antisana | |-- O. bufoniformis | |-- O. guacamayo | |-- O. percrassa | |-- O. sumacoensis | `-- O. talipes `--+--o Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1871 “1870” | |-- D. berthalutzae | |-- D. bokermanni | |-- D. brevipollicatus | |-- D. carvalhoi | |-- D. leucomystax | |-- D. minutus | `-- D. stawiarskyi `--+--o Rhaebo Cope, 1862 [Bufo guttatus -group] | |-- R. guttatus [Bufo guttatus] | |-- R. haematiticus (Cope, 1862) [Bufo haematiticus Cope, 1862] | `?- R. tacanensis [Bufo tacanensis] `--+--+--o “Wolterstorffina” Mertens, 1939 | | |-- W. mirei | | `-- W. parvipalmata | `--+--o Werneria Poche, 1903 | | |-- W. bambutensis | | |-- W. mertensiana | | |-- W. preussi | | `-- W. tandyi | `--o Nectophryne Buchholz & Peters, 1875 (puukonnat) | |-- N. afra | `-- N. batesii `--+--+--o Phrynoidis Fitzinger, 1843 [Bufo asper -group] | | `-- P. asper (Gravenhorst, 1829) [Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829] | `--o Pedostibes Günther, 1876 “1875” (kiipijäkonnat) | |-- P. everetti | |-- P. hosii | |-- P. kempi | |-- P. maculatus | |-- P. rugosus | `-- P. tuberculosus `--+--+--+-- Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 | | `--+-- Didynamipus sjostedti Andersson, 1903 | | `--o “Nectophrynoides” Noble, 1926 (synnyttäjäkonnat) | | |-- N. asperginis | | |-- N. cryptus | | |-- N. minutus | | |-- N. tornieri | | |-- N. viviparus | | `-- N. wendyae | `--+--+--o Pelophryne Barbour, 1938 | | | |-- P. albotaeniata | | | |-- P. api | | | |-- P. brevipes | | | |-- P. guentheri | | | |-- P. lighti | | | |-- P. macrotis | | | |-- P. misera | | | |-- P. rhopophilius | | | `-- P. scalptus | | `--+--o Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 [Bufo margaritifer -group, Bufo typhonius -group] | | | |-- R. proboscideus (Spix, 1824) [Bufo [Oxyrhynchus] proboscideus Spix, 1824] | | | |-- R. margaritifer [Bufo margaritifer] | | | `-- R. typhonius [Bufo typhonius] (uudenmaailmanlehtikonna) | | |?- Crepidophryne epiotica Cope, 1889 | | `--o Rhamphophryne Trueb, 1971 | | |-- R. acrolopha | | |-- R. festae | | |-- R. lindae | | |-- R. macrorhina | | |-- R. nicefori | | |-- R. proboscidea | | |-- R. rostrata | | |-- R. ruizi | | |-- R. tenrec | | `-- R. truebae | `--o Ingerophrynus Frost et al., 2006 [Bufo biporcatus -group] | |-- I. celebensis (Günther, 1859 “1858”) [Bufo celebensis Günther, 1859 “1858”] | `--+-- I. galeatus (Günther, 1864) [Bufo galeatus Günther, 1864] | `--+-- I. divergens [Bofo divergens] | `-- I. biporcatus (Gravenhorst, 1829) [Bufo biporcatus Gravenhorst, 1829] `--+--+--o Pseudepidalea Frost et al, 2006 | | |?- P. raddei [Bufo raddei] | | |?- P. oblongus [Bufo oblongus] | | `-- P. viridis (Laurenti, 1768) [Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768] (viherkonna) | `--+--o Duttaphrynus Frost et al, 2006 [Bufo melanostictus -group] | | `-- D. melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) [Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799] | `--+--o Peltophryne Fitzinger, 1843 | | `-- P. lemur [Bufo lemur] | `-- Schismaderma carens Smith, 1849 `--+--o Bufo Laurenti, 1768 sensu stricto [incl. Torrentophryne Fei et al., 2005] (toads; konnat, rupikonnat) | |-- B. vulgaris Lautenti, 1768 sensu Tschudi, 1838 | |-- B. bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) (konna, rupikonna; common toad) | `--+-- B. andrewsi | `-- B. aspinia `--+--+--o Capensibufo Grandison, 1980 | | |-- C. rosei | | `-- C. tradouwi | `--+--+?-o Poyntonophrynus Frost et al. 2006 [Bufo vertebralis -group] | | | `-- P. vertebralis (Smith, 1848) [Bufo vertebralis Smith, 1848] | | |--o Vandijkophrynus Frost et al., 2006 | | | `-- V. angusticeps [Bufo angusticeps] | | `--o Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960 [incl. Stephopaedes Channing, 1979 “1978”; Bufo taitanus -group] | | |-- M. anotis [Stephopaedes anotis] | | |-- M. loveridgei [Stephopaedes loveridgei] | | |-- M. micranotis Loveridge, 1942 | | |-- M. garmani [Bufo garmani] | | `-- M. taitanus [Bufo taitanus] | `--o Amietophrynus Frost et al., 2006 [incl. Bufo pardalis -group; ] | |-- A. blanfordii [Bufo blanfordii] | |-- A. brauni [Bufo brauni] | |-- A. funereus [Bufo funereus] | |-- A. kerinyagae [Bufo kerinyagae] | |-- A. lemairii [Bufo lemairii] | |-- A. perreti [Bufo perreti] | |-- A. superciliaris [Bufo superciliaris] | `--+-- A. tuberosus [Bufo tuberosus] | `--+--+-- A. latifrons [Bufo latifrons] | | `--+-- A. mauritanicus [Bufo mauritanicus] (marokonkonna) | | `--+-- A. maculatus [Bufo maculatus] | | `--+-- A. kisoloensis [Bufo kisoloensis] | | `-- A. steindachneri [Bufo steindachneri] | `--+-- A. camerunensis [Bufo camerunensis] | `--+-- A. regularis (Reuss, 1833) [Bufo regularis Reuss, 1833] (pantterikonna) | `-- A. gutturalis [Bufo gutturalis] `--+--o Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 [Incilius Cope, 1863] | |-- A. boreas [Bufo boreas] (lännenkonna) | |-- A. compactilis (Wiegmann, 1833) [Bufo compactilis Wiegmann, 1833; A. melancholicus Tschudi, 1845] | `--+-- A. punctatus [Bufo punctatus] | `--+-- A. quercicus [Bufo quercicus] (tammikonna) | `--+-- A. cognatus (Say, 1823) [Bufo cognatus Say, 1823; Incilius cognatus (Say, 1823)] (preeriakonna) | `--+-- A. terrestris [B. terrestris] | `-- A. woodhousii [B. woodhousii] `--+--o Cranopsis Cope, 1875 “1876” | |-- C. fastidiosus (Cope, 1875) [Bufo fastidiosus Cope, 1875] | |--+-- C. alvarius [Bufo alvarius] (koloradonkonna) | | `-- C. coniferus [Bufo coniferus] | `--+-- C. mazatlanensis [Bufo mazatlanensis] | `-- C. nebulifer [Bufo nebulifer] `--o Chaunus Wagler, 1828 |-- C. sp. cf. Chaunus arunco] [Bufo sp. cf. Bufo arunco] |-- C. arunco [Bufo arunco] `--+--+-- C. spinulosus [Bufo spinulosus] | `-- C. granulosus [Bufo granulosus Spix, 1824; Chaunus marmoratus Wagler, 1828] `--+-- C. amboroensis [Bufo amboroensis] `--+-- C. marinus [Bufo marinus] (sugarcane toad, aga toad; jättikonna, agakonna) `-- C. schneideri [Bufo schneideri]
Bufonidae not treated by Frost et al., 2006:
Adenomus Cope, 1861 “1860”
A. dasi
A. kandianus
A. kelaartii
Andinophryne Hoogmoed, 1985
A. atelopoides
A. colomai
A. olallai
Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987 “1986” [incl. Spinophrynoides, 1987 “1986”]
A. malcolmi Dubois, 1987 “1986”
A. osgoodi (Dubois, 1987 “1986”) [Spinophrynoides osgoodi Dubois, 1987 “1986”]
Atelophryniscus chrysophorus McCranie, Wilson & Williams, 1989
“Bufo” Laurenti, 1768
Bufoides meghalayanus Pillai & Yazdani, 1973
Churamiti Channing & Stanley, 2002
Epidalea Cope, 1865 [Bufo calamita -group]
E. calamita (Laurenti, 1768) [Bufo calamita Laurenti, 1768] (haisukonna)
Frostius pernambucensis Cannatella, 1986
Laurentophryne parkeri Tihen, 1960
Metaphryniscus sosai Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994
Nannophryne Günther, 1870
N. variegata Günther, 1870
Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987 “1986”
N. liberiensis
N. occidentalis (länsiafrikansynnyttäjäkonna)
Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895
O. cryptica
O. huberi
O. macconnelli
O. nigra
O. quelchii
O. vasquezi
Parapelophryne Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2003
Pseudobufo subasper Tschudi, 1838 (valekonna, vesikonna)
Truebella Graybeal & Cannatella, 1995
T. skoptes
T. tothastes
Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843
L. borbonica
L. cruentata
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Frost, D. R., 2000: Amphibian species of the World: An Online Reference.
–iNet: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Herpetology: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html - Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sá, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C., 2006: The amphibian tree of life.
–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: #297, pp. 1-370 - Gustaffson, J., 2002: [Nykysammakkoeläinten] Suomalaisia nimiä.
–iNet: Suomen herpentologinen yhdistys: http://www.herpentomania.fi/sammakkolampi/suomennokset/suomennokset.html - Grant, T., Frost, D. R., Caldwell, J. P., Gagliardo, R., Haddad, C. F. B., Kok, P. J. R., Means, D. B., Noonan, B. P., Schargel, W. E. & Wheeler, W. C., 2006: Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae).
–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: Vol. #299, pp. 1-262 - Graybeal, A., 1997: Phylogenetic relationships of bufonid frog and test of alternate macroevolutionary hypotheses characterizing their radiation.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 119, pp. 297-338 - Holman, J. A., 1987: Herpetofauna of the Egelhoff site (Miocene: Barstovian) of North-Central –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 7, #2, pp. 109-120
- Rage, J.-C., 2003: Oldest Bufonidae (Amphibia, Anura) from the Old World: a bufonid from the Paleocene of France.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 23, #2, pp. 462-463 - –iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree