Vitamin C and Infections

Harri Hemilä

Nutrients 2017

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5409678
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28353648

Web page for the references of the review

Harri Hemilä
Department of Public Health
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
harri.hemila@helsinki.fi

Home: http s://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila
This file: http s://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/N2017
version 2025-1-31

References

1.Hemilä H. Do vitamins C and E affect respiratory infections? PhD Thesis. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 2006.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6395595
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/20335
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/35439490

2.Carpenter KJ. The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1986.
https://www.cambridge.org/fi/academic/subjects/history/history-medicine/history-scurvy-and-vitamin-c
https://archive.org/details/historyofscurvyv0000carp
https://archive.org/details/historyofscurvyv0000carp_l0m0

More relevant parts of Hess’ book are extracted in:
Hemilä H. The symptoms of vitamin C deficiency.
1. Observations and descriptions by Hess, Lind, Trotter and Blane. Zenodo. 2024.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10685194
Book reviews:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1353801
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1524083
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.11.4.370
https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-3-431_2
https://doi.org/10.1038/107713d0
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM192105121841908

4.Hess AF. Diet, nutrition and infection. N Engl J Med 1932, 207, 637-648.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14609616
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM1932101320715

5.Robertson EC. The vitamins and resistance to infection: vitamin C. Medicine 1934, 13, 190-206.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14496927
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-193405000-00001

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https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1934.14.3.30 9

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https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14717361
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https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS19530054
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https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201010-1755OC

23.Hemilä H. Vitamin C and the common cold. Br J Nutr 1992, 67, 3-16.
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/223363
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259425819
https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920004

24.Hume R, Weyers E. Changes in leucocyte ascorbic acid during the common cold. Scott Med J 1973, 18, 3-7.
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http s://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/pauling/Pauling_1973_ch.pdf

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https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7097483
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5515787

26.Hunt C, Chakravorty NK, Annan G, Habibzadeh N, Schorah CJ. The clinical effects of vitamin C supplementation in elderly hospitalised patients with acute respiratory infections. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1994, 64, 212-219.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406235
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7814237

27.Hemilä H, Louhiala P. Vitamin C for preventing and treating pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013, (8), CD005532.
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/225862
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd005532.pub3

28. http s://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CP

29.Powers SK, Jackson MJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 2008, 88, 1243–1276.
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https://doi.org/10.3109/1354750X.2013.810668

32.Hemilä H. Vitamin C may alleviate exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2013, 3, e002416.
Hemilä 2013 Doi
Hemilä 2013 PMC
Hemilä 2013 PubMed

33.Hemilä H. The effect of vitamin C on bronchoconstriction and respiratory symptoms caused by exercise: a review and statistical analysis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2014, 10, 58.
Hemilä 2014 Doi
Hemilä 2014 PMC
Hemilä 2014 PubMed

34.LeBlanc J, Stewart M, Marier G, Whillans MG. Studies on acclimatization and on the effect of ascorbic acid in men exposed to cold. Can J Biochem Physiol 1954, 32, 407-427.
https://doi.org/10.1139/o54-044

35.Dugal LP. Vitamin C in relation to cold temperature tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1961, 92, 307-317.
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36.Strydom NB, Kotze HF, van der Walt WH, Rogers GG. Effect of ascorbic acid on rate of heat acclimatization. J Appl Physiol 1976, 41, 202-205.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1976.41.2.202

37.Chang CY, Chen JY, Chen SH, Cheng TJ, Lin MT, Hu ML. Therapeutic treatment with ascorbate rescues mice from heat stroke-induced death by attenuating systemic inflammatory response and hypothalamic neuronal damage. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016, 93, 84-93.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.017

38.Holley AD, Osland E, Barnes J, Krishnan A, Fraser JF. Scurvy: historically a plague of the sailor that remains a consideration in the modern intensive care unit. Internal Med J 2011, 41, 283–285.
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Holley 2011 PubMed

39.Smith A, Di Primio G, Humphrey-Murto S. Scurvy in the developed world. CMAJ 2011, 183, E752–E752.
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091938

40.Raynaud-Simon A, Cohen-Bittan J, Gouronnec A, Pautas E, Senet P, Verny M, Boddaert J. Scurvy in hospitalized elderly patients. J Nutr Health Aging 2010, 14, 407–410.
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41.Hemilä H, Louhiala P. Vitamin C may affect lung infections. J R Soc Med 2007, 100, 495-498.
Hemilä 2007 doi
Hemilä 2007 PMC

42.Beisel WR. Single nutrients and immunity: vitamin C. Am J Clin Nutr 1982, 35(Feb suppl), 423-428 and 460-461.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7039295

43.Webb AL, Villamor E. Update: effects of antioxidant and non-antioxidant vitamin supplementation on immune function. Nutr Rev 2007, 65, 181–217.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227691959
Webb 2007 doi

44.Manning J, Mitchell B, Appadurai DA, Shakya A, Pierce LJ, Wang H, Nganga V, Swanson PC, May JM, Tantin D, Spangrude GJ. Vitamin C promotes maturation of T-cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013, 19, 2054-2067.
Manning 2013 doi
Manning 2013 PMC
Manning 2013 PubMed

45.Jones E, Hughes RE. Influence of oral carnitine on the body weight and survival time of avitaminotic-C guinea pigs. Nutr Rep Int 1982, 25:201-204.
https://www.academia.edu/602454
Jones 1982 ch

46.Mårtensson J, Han J, Griffith OW, Meister A. Glutathione ester delays the onset of scurvy in ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993, 90, 317-321.
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47.Padh H. Cellular functions of ascorbic acid. Biochem Cell Biol 1990, 68, 1166-1173.
https://doi.org/10.1139/o90-173

48.Rebouche CJ. Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis. Am J Clin Nutr 1991, 54, 1147S-1152S.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1962562

49.Rice ME. Ascorbate regulation and its neuroprotective role in the brain. Trends Neurol Sci 2000, 23, 209-216.
Rice 2000 doi
Rice 2000 PubMed

50.May JM, Harrison FE. Role of vitamin C in the function of the vascular endothelium. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013, 19, 2068-2083.
May 2013 doi
May 2013 PMC
May 2013 PubMed

51.Kinsman RA, Hood J. Some behavioral effects of ascorbic acid deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 1971, 24, 455-464.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4397430

52.Zhang M, Robitaille L, Eintracht S, Hoffer LJ. Vitamin C provision improves mood in acutely hospitalized patients. Nutrition 2011, 27, 530–533.
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53.Wang Y, Liu XJ, Robitaille L, Eintracht S, MacNamara E, Hoffer LJ. Effects of vitamin C and vitamin D administration on mood and distress in acutely hospitalized patients. Am J Clin Nutr 2013, 98, 705-711.
Wang 2013 doi
Wang 2013 PubMed

54.Hemilä H, Kaprio J. Subgroup analysis of large trials can guide further research: a case study of vitamin E and pneumonia. Clin Epidemiol 2011, 3, 51-59.
Hemilä 2011 Doi
emilä 2011 PMC
Hemilä 2011 PubMed

55.Hemilä H. Vitamin E and the risk of pneumonia: using the I²-statistic to quantify heterogeneity within a controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2016, 116, 1530-1536.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516003408

56.Hemilä H, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Kaprio J. The effect of vitamin E on common cold incidence is modified by age, smoking and residential neighborhood. J Am Coll Nutr 2006, 25, 332-339.
Hemilä 2006 Doi
http s://hdl.handle.net/10138/44969
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16943455

57.McConkey M, Smith DT. The relation of vitamin C deficiency to intestinal tuberculosis in the guinea pig. J Exp Med 1933, 58, 503-517.
https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.58.4.503
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2132312

58.Dey PK. Efficacy of vitamin C in counteracting tetanus toxin toxicity. Naturwissenschaften 1966, 53, 310.
Dey 1966 Doi
Dey 1966 ch
Dey 1966
Dey 1966 bm
Dey 1966 PubMed

59.Belfield WO. Vitamin C in treatment of canine and feline distemper complex. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1967, 62, 345-348.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5182695
http s://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/animals/Belfield_1967.pdf

60.Leveque JI. Ascorbic acid in treatment of the canine distemper complex. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1969, 64, 997-1001.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5201010
http s://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/animals/Leveque_1969.pdf

61.Eccles R. Is the common cold a clinical entity or a cultural concept? Rhinology 2013, 51, 3-8.
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62.Monto AS, Ullman BM. Acute respiratory illness in an American community: the Tecumseh Study. JAMA 1974, 227, 164-169.
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63.Fendrick AM, Monto AS, Nightengale B, Sarnes M. The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States. Arch Int Med 2003, 163, 487-494.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.4.487

64.Pauling L. Vitamin C and the Common Cold. Freeman: San Francisco, CA, 1970.
Links to book reviews of the 1970 book
A short background to the book

65.Pauling L. The significance of the evidence about ascorbic acid and the common cold. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1971, 68, 2678-2681.
Pauling 1971 Doi
Pauling 1971 PMC

Pauling 1971 manuscript
http s://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-103.html
http s://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-032.html

66.Pauling L. Ascorbic acid and the common cold. Am J Clin Nutr 1971, 24, 1294-1299.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4940368

67.Ritzel G. Critical analysis of the role of vitamin C in the treatment of the common cold. Helv Med Acta 1961, 28, 63-68.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6546378
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13741912
Letter 1976:
Ritzel 1976 DOI
Ritzel 1976 Letter ch
Ritzel 1976 PubMed
Biography:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7965598

Pauling's analysis:
http s://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-030.html
http s://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-033.html

68.Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013, (1), CD000980.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8078152
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/225864
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd000980.pub4
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC [Links to references]

69. http s://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC

70.Hemilä H. Vitamin C supplementation and common cold symptoms: problems with inaccurate reviews. Nutrition 1996, 12, 804-809.
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/225877
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14233989
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(96)00223-7

71.Chalmers TC. Effects of ascorbic acid on the common cold: an evaluation of the evidence. Am J Med 1975, 58, 532-536.
Chalmers 1975 Doi
Chalmers 1975 PubMed
Chalmers 1975 ch
Chalmers 1975 bm

72.Karlowski TR, Chalmers TC, Frenkel LD, Kapikian AZ, Lewis TL, Lynch JM. Ascorbic acid for the common cold: a prophylactic and therapeutic trial. JAMA 1975, 231, 1038-1042.
Karlowski 1975 Doi
Karlowski 1975 ch
Karlowski 1975 bm
Karlowski 1975 PubMed
        Additional data published in Lewis 1975 Doi    Lewis 1975 ch    Lewis 1975 PubMed
See a re-analysis of the Karlowski trial by Hemilä 1996   and Hemilä 2006
and analysis of dose dependency in Hemilä 1999a
        See comments on the re-analysis by Chalmers (1996)
        See reply to Chalmers by Hemilä (1996)
        See further statistical comments of the Karlowski trial in Hemilä 2006 Stat Med Hemilä 2006 Stat Med manu

73.Dykes MHM, Meier P. Ascorbic acid and the common cold: evaluation of its efficacy and toxicity. JAMA 1975, 231, 1073-1079.
Dykes 1975 Doi
Dykes 1975
Dykes 1975 PubMed
Dykes 1975 ch

74.Hemilä H. Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to the common cold. Br J Nutr 1997, 77, 59-72.
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/223362
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14153016
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500002889

75.Bates CJ, Schorah CJ, Hemilä H. Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to the common cold: Invited comments and Reply. Br J Nutr 1997, 78, 857-866.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14610440
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28369859
https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19970201

76.Hemilä H. Vitamin C and common cold incidence: a review of studies with subjects under heavy physical stress. Int J Sports Med 1996, 17, 379-383.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14347859
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/225881
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972864

77.Hemilä H. Vitamin C and sex differences in respiratory tract infections. Resp Med 2008, 102, 625-626.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2007.12.011
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/228090
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5628489

78.Baird IM, Hughes RE, Wilson HK, Davies JE, Howard AN. The effects of ascorbic acid and flavonoids on the occurrence of symptoms normally associated with the common cold. Am J Clin Nutr 1979, 32, 1686-1690.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/32.8.1686
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/463806

79.Johnston CS, Barkyoumb GM, Schumacher SS. Vitamin C supplementation slightly improves physical activity levels and reduces cold incidence in men with marginal vitamin C status: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 2014, 6, 2572-2583.
Johnston 2014 DOI
Johnston 2014 PMC
Johnston 2014 PubMed
Osterday 2011 MSc thesis

80.Anderson TW, Reid DBW, Beaton GH. Vitamin C and the common cold: a double-blind trial. Can Med Assoc J 1972, 107, 503-508.
Anderson 1972 PMC
Correction 1: (1973);108:133
Correction 2: (1973);108:492
Anderson 1975 AnnNY
Beaton 1971 PMC
Preshaw 1972 PMC
   Spero 1973 letter BMJ

Pauling's analysis
http s://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-099.html
http s://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-100.html
http s://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-101.html

Terence Anderson was the most important researcher on vitamin C and the common cold, as he carried out three RCTs in early 1970s.
Therefore, his summaries of the findings are particularly relevant:

Anderson TW. Large-scale trials of vitamin C. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1975; 258: 498-504.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29308.x
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1106301
Anderson TW. Vitamin therapy: too much or too little? Can Fam Physician. 1975; 21: 65-68.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2274569
Anderson TW. Large scale studies with vitamin C. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol. 1977; 31(1-5): 43-50.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14672005
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/350027
Anderson TW. New horizons for vitamin C. Nutrition Today 1977; 12(1): 6-13.
https://journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/citation/1977/01000/new_horizons_for_vitamin_c.3
Anderson TW. Vitamin C: cure for the common cold? Am Pharm. 1979; 19: 46-48.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-3450(15)32756-2
Anderson TW. Vitamin C and the common cold. J Med Soc N J. 1979; 76(11): 765-766.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14672473
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/291727
Anderson TW. Vitamin C and the common cold. N Y State J Med. 1979; 79(8): 1292-1293.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14672763
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/287927

81.Coulehan JL, Reisinger KS, Rogers KD, Bradley DW. Vitamin C prophylaxis in a boarding school. N Engl J Med 1974, 290, 6-10.
Coulehan 1974 Doi
Coulehan 1974 ch
Coulehan 1974 bm
Coulehan 1974 PubMed

82.Van Straten M, Josling P. Preventing the common cold with a vitamin C supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Adv Ther 2002, 19, 151-159.
Van Straten 2002 Doi
Van Straten 2002 PubMed

83.Hemilä H. Vitamin C supplementation and common cold symptoms: factors affecting the magnitude of the benefit. Med Hypotheses 1999, 52, 171-178.
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/223761
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12959141
https://doi.org/10.1054/mehy.1997.0639

84.Anderson TW, Suranyi G, Beaton GH. The effect on winter illness of large doses of vitamin C. Can Med Assoc J 1974, 111, 31-36.
Anderson 1974 PMC

Pauling's analysis:
http s://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-121.html
http s://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-122.html

85.Anderson TW, Beaton GH, Corey PN, Spero L. Winter illness and vitamin C: the effect of relatively low doses. Can Med Assoc J 1975, 112, 823-826.
Anderson 1975 PMC

86.Constantini NW, Dubnov-Raz G, Eyal BB, Berry EM, Cohen AH, Hemilä H. The effect of vitamin C on upper respiratory infections in adolescent swimmers: a randomized trial. Eur J Pediatrics 2011, 170, 59-63.
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/228085
https://www.academia.edu/17790460
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-010-1270-z

87.Carr AB, Einstein R, Lai YC, Martin NG, Starmer GA. Vitamin C and the common cold: A second MZ co-twin control study. Acta Genet Med Gemellol 1981, 30, 249-255.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000006450
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7048833
Carr 1981 (1200 KB)
Carr 1981 PubMed
Carr 1981 ch
Carr 1981 bm
Carr 1981 MJA ch
Carr 1981 MJA bm
Carr 1981 MJA PubMed

88.Bee DM. The vitamin C controversy. Postgrad Med 1980, 67(2), 64.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1980.11715362
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/Bee_1980_ch.pdf
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/Bee_1980_bm.pdf

89.Cathcart RF. Vitamin C, titrating to bowel tolerance, anascorbemia, and acute induced scurvy. Med Hypotheses 1981, 7, 1359-1376.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(81)90126-2
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7321921
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/klenner.htm [Further links]
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14673568
https://isom.ca/article/the-method-of-determining-proper-doses-of-vitamin-c-for-the-treatment-of-disease-by-titrating-to-bowel-tolerance

90.Gern JE. The ABCs of rhinoviruses, wheezing, and asthma. J Virol 2010, 84, 7418–7426.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02290-09

91.Hemilä H. Vitamin C and common cold-induced asthma: a systematic review and statistical analysis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2013, 9, 46.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-9-46
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4018579

92.Anah CO, Jarike LN, Baig HA. High dose ascorbic acid in Nigerian asthmatics. Trop Geogr Med 1980, 32, 132–137.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13912250
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7423602

93.Schertling M, Winsel K, Müller S, Henning R, Meiske W, Slapke J. Action of ascorbic acid on clinical course of infection related bronchial asthma and on reactive oxygen metabolites by BAL cells. Z Klin Med 1990, 45, 1770–1774.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7115702
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14413358

94.Bucca C, Rolla G, Arossa W, Caria E, Elia C, Nebiolo F, Baldi S. Effect of ascorbic acid on increased bronchial responsiveness during upper airway infection. Respiration 1989, 55, 214–219.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000195737
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2595105
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/A/Bucca_1989_Respiration_ch.pdf
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/A/Bucca_1992_ANNYAS_ch.pdf

95.Miegl H. Acute upper respiratory tract infection and its treatment with vitamin C. Wien Med Wochenschr 1957, 107, 989-992.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514364
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13531063

96.Miegl H. About the use of vitamin C in otorhinolaryngology. Wien Med Wochenschr 1958, 108, 859-864.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514695
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13593475

97.Glazebrook AJ, Thomson S. The administration of vitamin C in a large institution and its effect on general health and resistance to infection. J Hyg (Lond) 1942, 42, 1-19.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400012596
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2199803

Related papers:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2239225 [Description of the trial]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2162337
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2164503
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2164703
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2210931
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2286225
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14609923

Pauling's analysis:
http s://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-103.html
http s://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-034.html
http s://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-035.html

98.Sabiston BH, Radomski MW. Health Problems and Vitamin C in Canadian Northern Military Operations. DCIEM Report no. 74-R-1012. Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine: Downsview, Ontario, Canada 1974.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7303680
https://pubs.drdc-rddc.gc.ca/BASIS/pcandid/www/engpub/DDW?W%3DSYSNUM%3D23882%26M%3D1%26R%3DY%26U%3D1
Sabiston 1974 DRDS
Sabiston 1974 Abstract

99.Peters EM, Goetzsche JM, Grobbelaar B, Noakes TD. Vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence of postrace symptoms of upper-respiratory-tract infection in ultramarathon runners. Am J Clin Nutr 1993, 57, 170-174.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/57.2.170
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/59.1.132
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/59.1.132a

100.Cowan DW, Diehl HS, Baker AB. Vitamins for the prevention of colds. JAMA 1942, 120, 1268-1271.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14674396
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1942.02830510006002

Pauling’s analyses of the Cowan et al. (1942) trial:
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-096.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-097.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-098.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-099.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-100.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-101.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-029.html

The Cowan (1942) trial was included in Pauling’s (1971) meta-analyses:

Pauling L. The significance of the evidence about ascorbic acid and the common cold.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1971; 68: 2678-2681.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.68.11.2678
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC389499
https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584639X101

101.Miller JZ, Nance WE, Norton JA, Wolen RL, Griffith RS, Rose RJ. Therapeutic effect of vitamin C: a co-twin control study. JAMA 1977, 237, 248-251.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1977.03270300052006
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/318715
Miller 1977 ch
Miller 1977 bm
Miller 1977 PubMed
Discussion1
Discussion2

102.Liberati A. Thomas C Chalmers. Lancet 1996, 347, 188.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90369-4

103.Dickersin K. Thomas Clark Chalmers. JAMA 1996, 276, 656-657.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540080078041

See also:
Ann Intern Med 1996;124:696
Cont Clin Trials 1996;17:474-5        and 1996;17:471-2 and 1996;17:473-4
Can Med Assoc J 1996;155:757-60 and 1996;155: 986-8
https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076815586354   https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076815606279

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Chalmers
http s://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/29/nyregion/dr-thomas-c-chalmers-a-president-of-mt-sinai-dies-at-78.html
http s://www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/thomas-c-chalmers-1917-1995
http s://community.cochrane.org/news/cochranes-thomas-c-chalmers-award-nominations-open-2017

104.Pincock S. Paul Meier. Lancet 2011, 378, 978.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61438-4

105.Betts K. Paul Meier: A man behind the method. Am J Public Health 2012, 102, 2026–2029.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300778

See also:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Meier_(statistician)
http s://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/13/health/13meier.html
https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2011/08/11/paul-meier-statistician-who-helped-change-clinical-research-1924-2011
http s://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/22/local/la-me-paul-meier-20110822

106.Hemilä H. Vitamin C, the placebo effect, and the common cold: a case study of how preconceptions influence the analysis of results. J Clin Epidemiol 1996, 49, 1079-1084.
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/225872
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14378347
https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(96)00189-8

107.Hemilä H. Analysis of clinical data with breached blindness. Stat Med 2006, 25, 1434-1437.
Hemilä 2006 Doi    Hemilä 2006 manuscript    Hemilä 2006 PubMed

108.Chalmers TC. Dissent to the preceding article by H. Hemilä. J Clin Epidemiol 1996, 49, 1085.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(96)00190-4

109.Hemilä H. To the dissent by Thomas Chalmers. J Clin Epidemiol 1996, 49, 1087.
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/225873
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28363121
https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(96)00191-6 Hemilä 1996 OCR

110.Hemilä H, Herman ZS. Vitamin C and the common cold: a retrospective analysis of Chalmers’ review. J Am Coll Nutr 1995, 14, 116-123.
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/42358
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15407891
https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1995.10718483
Hemilä 1995 OCR
Hemilä 1995 PubMed

111.Pauling L. Ascorbic acid and the common cold: evaluation of its efficacy and toxicity. Part I. Medical Tribune 1976, 17(12), 18-19.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11546757
Pauling 1976_I

112.Pauling L. Ascorbic acid and the common cold. Part II. Medical Tribune 1976, 17(13), 37-38.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11547088
Pauling 1976_II

113.AMA. Council of Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association: Vitamin preparations as dietary supplements and as therapeutic agents. JAMA 1987, 257, 1929-1936.
JAMA 257:1929-36   Extract

See other examples of Chalmers (1975) usage in textbooks etc
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35054455

114.Gander J, Niederberger W. Vitamin C in the treatment of pneumonia. Münch Med Wochenschr 1936, 83, 2074-2077.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406760

115.Bohnholtzer E. Contribution to the question of pneumonia treatment with vitamin C. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1937, 63, 1001–1003.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406564 [English]
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1121197 [in German]

116.Hochwald A. Vitamin C in the treatment of croupous pneumonia. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1937, 63, 182–184.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406698 [English]
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1120960 [in German]

117.Klenner FR. Virus pneumonia and its treatment with vitamin C. South Med Surg 1948, 110, 36-8 and 46.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10932789
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18900646
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/klenner.htm [Further links]

118.Klenner FR. Massive doses of vitamin C and the virus diseases. South Med Surg 1951, 113, 101-107.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14495005
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14855098
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/klenner.htm [Further links]

119.Dalton WL. Massive doses of vitamin C in the treatment of viral diseases. J Indiana State Med Assoc 1962, 55, 1151-1154.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14494491
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13883259

120. Hemilä H. Vitamin C and susceptibility to pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13914252
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/225875
https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199709000-00003

121.Kimbarowski JA, Mokrow NJ. Colored precipitation reaction of the urine according to Kimbarowski as an index of the effect of ascorbic acid during treatment of viral influenza [in German]. Deutsch Gesundheitsw 1967, 22, 2413-2418.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7116182
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5614915

122.Pitt HA, Costrini AM. Vitamin C prophylaxis in marine recruits. JAMA 1979, 241, 908-911.
Pitt 1979 doi    Pitt 1979 PubMed

123.Merchant AT, Curhan G, Bendich A, Singh VN, Willett WC, Fawzi WW. Vitamin intake is not associated with community-acquired pneumonia in US men. J Nutr 2004, 134, 439–444.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.2.439
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14747686

124.Hemilä H, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Kaprio J. Vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation and hospital-treated pneumonia incidence in male smokers. Chest 2004, 125, 557-565.
Hemilä 2004 doi

125.Pazzaglia G, Pasternack M. Recent trends of pneumonia morbidity in US Naval personnel. Mil Med 1983, 148, 647–651.
https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/148.8.647
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6415517
Pazzaglia 1983 ch

126.Paynter S, Ware RS, Weinstein P, Williams G, Sly PD. Childhood pneumonia: a neglected, climate-sensitive disease? Lancet 2010, 376, 1804–1805.
Paynter 2010 doi
Paynter 2010 PubMed

127.Hemilä H. Vitamin C supplementation and respiratory infections: a systematic review. Mil Med 2004, 169, 920-925.
Hemilä 2004 Doi
Hemilä 2004
Hemilä 2004 PubMed

128.Klenner FR. Recent discoveries in the treatment of lockjaw with vitamin C and tolserol. Tri-State Medical Journal 1954, 2(July), 7–11.
Klenner 1954_ch
Klenner 1954
Klenner 1954_bm

129.Hemilä H, Koivula T. Vitamin C for preventing and treating tetanus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013, (11), CD006665.
http s://hdl.handle.net/10138/225863
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006665.pub3
http s://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CT/CochraneTetanus_2013.pdf
http s://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CT/CT.htm

130. http s://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CT

131.Jahan K, Ahmad K, Ali MA. Effect of ascorbic acid in the treatment of tetanus. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 1984, 10, 24-28.
Jahan 1984 ch
Jahan 1984
Jahan 1984 bm
Jahan 1984 PubMed

132.Hemilä H. Vitamin C supplementation and the common cold - was Linus Pauling right or wrong? Int J Vitamin Nutrition Res 1997, 67, 329-335.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6406111
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/223748

133.Stone I. The Healing Factor: Vitamin C Against Disease. 1972.
https://www.amazon.com/Healing-Factor-Irwin-Stone/dp/0448116936
book available via links

134.Briggs M. Vitamin C and infectious disease: a review of the literature and the results of a randomized, double-blind, prospective study over 8 years. In: Recent Vitamin Research [Briggs MH, ed]. CRC Press: 1984; pp. 39-82.
Briggs 1984 ch
Briggs 1984 bm
Briggs 1984 Ref List

135.Levy TE. Vitamin C, Infectious Diseases, and Toxins. Xlibris: Philadelphia, PA, 2002.
https://www.amazon.com/Curing-Incurable-Vitamin-Infectious-Diseases/dp/0977952029

136.Terezhalmy GT, Bottomley WK, Pelleu GB. The use of water-soluble bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1978, 45, 56-62.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(78)90223-2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/339141

137.Chen JY, Chang CY, Feng PH, Chu CC, So EC, Hu ML. Plasma vitamin C is lower in postherpetic neuralgia patients and administration of vitamin C reduces spontaneous pain but not brush-evoked pain. Clin J Pain 2009, 25, 562-569.
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318193cf32

138.Orient JM. Treating herpes zoster with vitamin C: two case reports. J Am Physicians Surgeons 2006, 11, 26-27.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26431682
http s://www.jpands.org/vol11no1/orient.pdf

139.Byun SH, Jeon Y. Administration of vitamin C in a patient with herpes zoster - a case report. Korean J Pain 2011, 24, 108-111.
https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2011.24.2.108
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111558

140.Schencking M, Sandholzer H, Frese T. Intravenous administration of vitamin C in the treatment of herpetic neuralgia: two case reports. Med Sci Monit. 2010, 16, CS58-CS61.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43348703
http s://www.medscimonit.com/download/index/idArt/878529
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20424557

141.Schencking M, Vollbracht C, Weiss G, Lebert J, Biller A, Goyvaerts B, Kraft K. Intravenous vitamin C in the treatment of shingles: results of a multicenter prospective cohort study. Med Sci Monit. 2012, 18, CR215-CR224.
https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.882621

142.Kim MS, Kim DJ, Na CH, Shin BS. A Study of Intravenous Administration of Vitamin C in the Treatment of Acute Herpetic Pain and Postherpetic Neuralgia. Ann Dermatol. 2016, 28, 677-683.
https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2016.28.6.677

143.Patrone F, Dallegri F, Bonvini E, Minervini F, Sacchetti C. Disorders of neutrophil function in children with recurrent pyogenic infections. Med Microbiol Immunol 1982, 171, 113-122.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02124918

144.Levy R, Shriker O, Porath A, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F. Vitamin C for the treatment of recurrent furunculosis in patients with impaired neutrophil functions. J Infect Dis 1996, 173, 1502-1505.
https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/173.6.1502

145.Galley HF, Howdle PD, Walker BE, Webster NR. The effects of intravenous antioxidants in patients with septic shock. Free Rad Biol Med 1997, 23, 768-774.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00059-2

146.Pleiner J, Mittermayer F, Schaller G, MacAllister RJ, Wolzt M. High doses of vitamin C reverse Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced hyporeactivity to acetylcholine in the human forearm. Circulation 2002, 106, 1460-1464.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000030184.70207.FF

147.Klenner FR. Observations on the dose and administration of ascorbic acid when employed beyond the range of a vitamin in human pathology. J Appl Nutr 1971, 23, 61-88.
https://isom.ca/article/observations-on-the-dose-and-administration-of-ascorbic-acid-when-employed-beyond-the-range-of-a-vitamin-in-human-pathology
http s://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/N2017/Ch22_Klenner1971JApplNutr.pdf
paper available via links

148.Smith GD, Lawlor DA, Harbord R, Timpson N, Day I, Ebrahim S. Clustered environments and randomized genes: a fundamental distinction between conventional and genetic epidemiology. PLoS Med 2007, 4, e352.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040352

149.Block G, Norkus E, Hudes M, Mandel S, Helzlsouer K. Which plasma antioxidants are most related to fruit and vegetable consumption? Am J Epidemiol 2001, 154, 1113-1118.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/154.12.1113

150.Hemilä H, Kaprio J. Vitamin E supplementation may transiently increase tuberculosis risk in males who smoke heavily and have high dietary vitamin C intake. Br J Nutr 2008, 100, 896-902.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508923709

151.Hemilä H, Kaprio J. Vitamin E supplementation may transiently increase tuberculosis risk in males who smoke heavily and have high dietary vitamin C intake – Reply by Hemilä & Kaprio. Br J Nutr 2009, 101, 145-147.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508994423

152.Packer JE, Slater TF, Wilson RL. Direct observation of a free radical interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C. Nature 1979, 278, 737-738.
Packer 1979 doi

153.Hemilä H, Kaprio J. Modification of the effect of vitamin E supplementation on the mortality of male smokers by age and dietary vitamin C. Am J Epidemiol 2009, 169, 946-953.
Hemilä 2009 Doi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2661323
Hemilä 2009 PubMed

Further analyses on vitamin E and mortality in the ATBC study:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32296711
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21242192
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25866312
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19667029

154.Hemilä H, Kaprio J. Vitamin E supplementation and pneumonia risk in males who initiated smoking at an early age: effect modification by body weight and vitamin C. Nutr J 2008, 7, 33.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-7-33
http s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2603040

155.Goodwin JS, Goodwin JM. The tomato effect: rejection of highly efficacious therapies. JAMA 1984, 251, 2387–2390.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/16827181
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1984.03340420053025

156.Knipschild P, Kleijnen J, Riet G. Belief in the efficacy of alternative medicine among general practitioners in the Netherlands. Soc Sci Med 1990, 31, 625-626.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(90)90099-E
http s://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/Pauling/Knipschild_1990.pdf

157.Richards E. The politics of therapeutic evaluation: the vitamin C and cancer controversy. Soc Stud Sci 1988, 18, 653-701.
https://doi.org/10.1177/030631288018004004

158.Richards E. Vitamin C and Cancer: Medicine or Politics? St Martins Press: NY, NY, 1991.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09606-0
https://www.amazon.com/Vitamin-C-Cancer-Medicine-Politics/dp/0312052421

Book reviews:
https://doi.org/10.1038/353125a0
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2399293
https://doi.org/10.1086/356441
https://doi.org/10.1080/08109029208629523
https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147(92)90029-6
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13518295-400-review-the-trials-and-tribulations-of-vitamin-c/

159. Segerstråle U. Vtamin C and cancer - medicine or politics. Science 1992
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.255.5044.613

160.Goodwin JS, Tangum MR. Battling quackery: attitudes about micronutrient supplements in American Academic medicine. Arch Intern Med 1998, 158, 2187-2191.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13467491
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.20.2187

161.Louhiala P, Hemilä H. Can CAM treatments be evidence-based? Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 2014, 19, 84-89.
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/228056
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262026733
https://doi.org/10.1111/fct.12110