After Pryer, Schneider, Smith, Cranfill, Wolf, Hunt & Sipes, 2001
<==o Moniliformopses (sanikkaiset, saniaiset & kortteet; fern-like plants, ferns & horsetails) |?-o †Stauropteridales | |--o †Stauropteris | | |-- †S. burntislandica | | `-- †S. biseriata | |-- †Rowleya trifurcata | `-- †Gillispiea randolphensis |?-o †Zygopteridales | `--o †Zygopteridaceae | |--o †Clepsydroideae | | `--o †Rhacophyton | | |-- †R. ceratangium | | `-- †R. zygopteroides | `--o †Etapteroideae | |--o †Zygopteris | | |-- †Z. primaria | | `-- †Z. illinoiensis | `--o †Etapteris | `-- †E. scottii |--+--o Psilotidae [Psilotales] | | `-- Psilotaceae | `--o Ophioglossidae [Ophioglossales] | `--o Ophioglossaceae (käärmekielisaniaiset) | |-- Ophioglossum | |--o Botrychium | | |-- †B. wightonii | | `-- B. virginianum | `-- Helminthostachys `--+?-+--o Marattiidae [Marattiales] | | `--o Marattiaceae | | |--o †Psaronius | | | `-- †P. blickei | | |-- †Caulopteris | | |--o Christensenia | | | `-- C. aesculifolia | | |--+?- †Marattiopsis | | | `--o Marattia | | | `-- M. fraxinea | | |-- Angiopteris evecta | | `-- Danaea | `--+?-o †Cladoxylales [Cladoxylopsida] | | |-- †Pseudosporochnus nodosus | | `--o †Cladoxylon | | |-- †C. scoparium | | `-- †C. dawsonii | `-- Equisetopsida (kortteet; horsetails, sphenophytes) `-- Filicopsida sensu stricto [Pteridophyta; Filicales; Polypodiidae] (ferns; saniaiset)
Reference(s):
- Kenrick, P., & Crane, P., 1996-1999: Embryophytes – Land Plants.
–iNet: The Tree of Life - Pryer, K. M., Schneider, H., Smith, A. R., Cranfill, R., Wolf, P. G., Hunt, J. S. & Sipes, S. D., 2001: Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants.
–Nature: Vol. 409, 1 February, pp. 618-621 - Steward, W. N. & Rothwell, G. W., 1993: Paleobotany and the evolution of plants, 2nd Edition.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.S.A., xii-521