After Parker, 1982, “The Tree of Life” and Grimaldi & Engel, 2005
<==o Diptera Linnaeus, 1758 [†Nakridletia Vršanský, Ren & Shih, 2010] [paraphyletic Nematocera Latreille, 1825] (kaksisiipiset; flies and mosqitos) |?- †Protopleciidae Rohdendorf, 1946 [Palaeopleciidae; Phragmneuridae; Protoligoneuridae] |?- †Mesosciophilidae Rohdendorf,1946 |--o Tipulomorpha | |--o Tipuloidea | | `-- Tipulidae [incl. Limoniidae?] (vaaksiaiset) | `?-o “Trichoceroidea” | |-- †Gnomuscidae | `?- Trichoceridae [after Grimaldi & Engel, 2005] (talvisääsket) `--+--o Blephariceromorpha (koskisääskimäiset) | |-- Blephariceridae (koskisääsket) | `-- Deuterophlebiidae |--+-- Bibionomorpha (karvasääskimäiset) | `--+-- †Protorhyphidae | `--+-- Anisopodidae (ikkunasääsket) | `-- Brachycera (muumiokotelokärpäset) `--+--o Psychodomorpha (perhossääskimäiset) | |?- Trichoceridae [after “The Tree of Life”] (talvisääsket) | |--+-- †Grauvogeliidae | | |-- †Kuperwoodidae | | |-- †Hennigmatidae | | `--+-- †Nadipteridae | | `--+-- Tanyderidae | | `-- Psychodidae (perhossääsket) | `--+--+--+-- †Eoptychopteridae | | | `-- Ptychopteridae (kummitussääsket) | | `--+-- †Tillyardipteridae | | `-- †Rhaetaniidae | `--+-- Valeseguyidae | `--+-- Canthyloscelidae | `--+?- Perissommatidae | `--+?- Synneuridae | `-- Scatopsidae (lantasääsket) `--o Culicimorpha (hyttysmäiset; mosquitos) |?-o †Strashilidae [†Nakridletia Vršanský, Ren & Shih, 2010] | |--o †Strashila L.Jur.-E.Cret. CAs. | | |-- †S. incredibilis | | `-- †S. daohugouensis Huang, Nel, Cai, Lin & Engel, 2013 | `-- †Vozila sinensis [Parazila saurica] |?-o Nymphomyiidae | `--o Nymphomyia Tokunaga, 1932 [Archidipteron Ide, 1965 (nomen nudum); Palaeodipteron Ide, 1965; Felicitomyia Kevan, in Cutten & Kevan, 1970] | |-- †N. succina Wagner, Hoffeins & Hoffeins, 2000 | |-- N. alba Tokunaga, 1932 | |-- N. levanidovae Rohdendorf & Kalugina, 1974 | |-- N. rohdendorfi Makarchenko, 1975 | |-- N. walkeri (Ide, 1965) Courtney, 1994 [Palaeodipteron walkeri Ide, 1965] | |-- N. dolichopeza Courtney, 1994 | |-- N. brundini (Kevan, 1970) Courtney, 1994 [Felicitomyia brundini Kevan, in Cutten & Kevan, 1970] | `-- N. holoptica Courtney, 1994 |--o Chironomoidea | |--+--o Thaumaleidae | | | |-- Afrothaumalea | | | |-- Androprosopa | | | |-- Austrothaumalea | | | |-- Niphta | | | |-- Oterere | | | |-- Protothaumalea | | | |-- Thaumalea | | | `-- Trichothaumalea | | `--o Simuliidae Newman, 1834 (black flies; mäkärät) | | |-- Parasimulium [Parasimuliinae Smart, 1945] | | `--o Simuliinae Newman, 1834 | | |--o Prosimuliini Enderlein, 1921 | | | |-- Araucnephia | | | |-- Araucnephioides | | | |-- Cnephia | | | |-- Cnesia | | | |-- Cnesiamima | | | |-- Crozetia | | | |-- Ectemnia | | | |-- Gigantodax | | | |-- Greniera | | | |-- Gymnopais | | | |-- Levitinia | | | |-- Lutzsimulium | | | |-- Mayacnephia | | | |-- Metacnephia | | | |-- Paracnephia | | | |-- Paraustrosimulium | | | |-- Pedrowygomyia | | | |-- Prosimulium | | | |-- Stegopterna | | | |-- Sulcicnephia | | | |-- Tlalocomyia | | | `-- Twinnia | | `--o Simuliini Newman, 1834 | | |-- Austrosimulium Tonnoir, 1925 [2 subgen., ~30 sp.] | | `-- Simulium Latreille, (1802) [41 subgen., ~1600 sp.] | `--+--o Ceratopogonidae Newman, 1834 (biting midges; polttiaiset) | | |-- †Lebanoculicoidinae | | |-- Austroconopinae | | |-- Ceratopogoninae | | |-- Dasyheleinae | | |-- Forcipomyiinae | | `-- Leptoconopinae | `--o Chironomidae (midges; surviaissääsket) | |-- †Aenneinae | |-- Aphroteniinae | |-- Buchonomyiinae | |-- Chilenomyiinae | |-- Chironominae | |-- Diamesinae | |-- Orthocladiinae | |-- Podonominae | |-- Prodiamesinae | |-- Tanypodinae | |-- Telmatogetoninae | `-- Usambaromyiinae `--o Culicoidea |--o Dixidae Schiner, 1868 | |-- †Eucorethrina | |-- †Syndixa | |-- Asiodixa | |-- Dixa | |-- Dixella | |-- Meringodixa | |-- Mesodixa | |-- Metadixa | |-- Neodixa | `-- Nothodixa `--+-- Corethrella [Corethrellidae] `--+--o Chaoboridae (sulkasääsket) | |-- Chaoborus [Chaoborinae] | `-- Eucorethrinae `--o Culicidae Meigen, 1818 (mosquitos; hyttyset) |-- Anopheles Meigen, 1818 [Anophelinae Theobald, 1901] `--o Culicinae [Opificinae Miller, 1922] |-- Aedeomyiini |-- Aedini |-- Culicini |-- Culisetini |-- Ficalbiini |-- Hodgesiini |-- Mansoniini |-- Orthopodomyiini |-- Sabethini |-- Toxorhynchitini `-- Uranotaeniini
Reference(s):
- Grimaldi, D. A. & Engel, M. S., 2005: Evolution of the Insects.
–Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, xv-755 - Courtney, G. W., 1994: Biosystematics of the Nymphomyiidae (Insecta: Diptera) : Life History, Morphology, and Phylogenetic Relationships
–Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology: #550, pp. [http://hdl.handle.net/10088/5376] - Huang, D., Nel, A., Cai, C., Lin, Q. & Engel, M. S., 2013: Amphibious flies and paedomorphism in the Jurassic period.
–Nature: Vol. 495, #7439, pp. 94-97 [doi: 10.1038/nature11898] - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 6: Selkärangattomat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beaut, Du Monde Animal XI & XII Invertébrés.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968 - Anonymous, : Diptera
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/ - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Wagner, R., Hoffeins, C. & Hoffeins, H. W., 2000: A fossil nymphomyiid (Diptera) from the Baltic and Bitterfeld amber.
–Systematic Entomology: Vol. 25, #1, pp. 115-120 [doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3113.2000.025001115.x]