After Hulbert, 1997, McKenna & Bell, 1997, Candela, 2004, and Voss, Hubbard & Jansa, 2013, with Recent species from Nowak, 1991, and Wikipedia
<==o Erethizontidae Bonaparte, 1845 [taxonomic history] (New World Porcupines; puupiikkisiat) |-- Chaetomys subspinosus Gray, 1843 [Plectrochoerus Pictet, 1843] [Chaetomyinae Thomas, 1897] ()? `--+--o Erethizontinae Bonaparte, 1845 [taxonomic history] (Recent New World Porcupines; nykypuupiikkisiat) | |?-o †Paradoxomys Ameghino, 1885; U.Mioc. SA. [has been treated as octodontid] | | `-- †P. cancrivorus | |--o Erethizon F. Cuvier, 1822 [taxonomic history] U.Plioc.-R. NA. (puupiikkisiat) | | |-- †E. poyeri Hulbert, 1997 | | |-- †E. bathygnathum R.W. Wilson, 1935 [taxonomic history] | | |-- †E. cascoensis (J. White, 1970) [taxonomic history] | | |-- †E. kleini Frazier, 1981 | | `-- E. dorsatum (Linnaeus, 1758) (kanadanpuupiikkisika) | `--o Coendou Lacépède, 1799 sensu Voss, Hubbard & Jansa, 2013 [incl. Echinoprocta Gray, 1865; Sphiggurus F. Cuvier, 1825] (koendut, kierteishäntäpiikkisiat) | |?- C. baturitensis Feijó & Langguth, 2013 | |?- C. rothschildi (Thomas, 1902) (Rothschild's Porcupine, Gato de Espinas) | |?- C. sanctamartae Allen, 1904 (Santa Marta porcupine) | |?- C. speratus Pontes, Gadelha, Melo, Sá, Loss, Caldara jr, Costa & Leite, 2013 | |?- C. insidiosus (Olfers, 1818) [Sphiggurus insidiosus (Olfers, 1818)] (Bahi[']a Hairy Dwarf Porcupine, Ouric[,]o Cacheiro) | |?- C. pallidus [Sphiggurus pallidus] (Lesser Antillean Indian Hairy Porcupine) | |?- C. roosmalenorum Voss & da Silva, 2001 [Sphiggurus roosmalenorum (Voss & da Silva, 2001)] (Roosmalen's dwarf porcupine) | |?- C. villosus (Cuvier, 1822) [Sphiggurus villosus (Cuvier, 1822)] (Orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine; ruskopuupiikkisika) | |-- C. ichillus (Voss & da Silva, 2001) [Sphiggurus ichillus Voss & da Silva, 2001] (Streaked dwarf porcupine) | |-- C. melanurus (Wagner, 1842) [Sphiggurus melanurus (Wagner, 1842)] (Black-tailed hairy dwarf porcupine) | |--+-- C. pruinosus (Thomas, 1905) [Sphiggurus pruinosus (Thomas, 1905)] (Frosted hairy dwarf porcupine) | | `-- C. vestitus (Thomas, 1899) [Sphiggurus vestitus Thomas, 1899] (Brown Hairy Dwarf Porcupine) | |--+-- C. spinosus (Cuvier, 1822) [Sphiggurus spinosus (Cuvier, 1822)] (Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine; brasilianpuupiikkisika) | | `--+-- C. nycthemera (Olfers, 1818) [C. koopmani Handley & Pine, 1992] (Black dwarf porcupine; Koopman's porcupine) | | `--o C. bicolor (Tschudi, 1844) (Bicolored-spined porcupine; pohjankierteishäntäpiikkisika) | | |-- C. b. bicolor (Tschudi, 1844) | | |-- C. b. richardsoni Allen, 1913 | | `-- C. b. simonsi Thomas, 1902 | `--+-- C. prehensilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Brazilian porcupine; kierteishäntäpiikkisika, koendu) | `--+-- C. mexicanus (Kerr, 1792) [Sphiggurus mexicanus (Kerr, 1792)] (Mexican hairy dwarf porcupine; meksikonpuupiikkisika) | `--+-- C. rufescens (Gray, 1865) [Echinoprocta rufescens Gray, 1865] (Stump-tailed porcupine; amazoninpuupiikkisika) | `-- C. quichua Thomas, 1899 [C. bicolor quichua Thomas, 1899] (Andean porcupine) `--o †Steiromyinae Ameghino, 1902 sensu Candela, 2004 (Giant New World Porcupine; jättipiikkisiat) |-- †Hypsosteiromys axiculus Patterson, 1958; L.Mioc. SA. `--+--o †Neosteiromys Rovereto, 1914; ?M.Mioc. U.Mioc. SA. | |-- ?†N. tordillense | |-- †N. bombifrons Rovereto, 1914 | `-- †N. pattoni Candela, 2004 `--+-- †Erethizontidae genera et species indet. [Candela, 2004] `--+-- †Eosteiromys homogenidens Ameghino, 1902 [Eosteiromys Ameghino, 1901 (nomen nudum)] L.Mioc. ?M.Mioc. SA. `--o †Steiromys Ameghino, 1887 [incl. Parasteiromys Ameghino, 1904 sensu Candela] L.Mioc. SA. |-- †S. duplicatus `-- †S. detentus
Erethizontidae incertae sedis:
[= taxons not listed by Candela, 2004]
†Protosteiromys A.E. Wood & Patterson, 1959; U.Olig. SA.
†P. medianus
†P. asmodeophilus
†Parasteiromys Ameghino, 1904; L.Mioc. SA.
†Disteiromys Ameghino, 1904; M.Mioc. SA.
After Voss, Hubbard & Jansa, 2013 (Recent species only)
<==o Erethizontidae
|-- Chaetomys subspinosus
`--+-- Erethizon dorsatum
`--o Coendou
|--+-- C. vestitus
| `-- C. pruinosus
|-- C. melanurus
|-- C. ichillus
|--+-- C. spinosus
| `--+-- C. nyctimera
| `-- C. bicolor
`--+-- C. prehensilis
`--+-- C. mexicanus
`--+-- C. rufescens
`-- C. quichua
Reference(s):
|
Reference(s):
- Candela, A. M., 2003: Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 47, #4, pp. 717-723 - Candela, A. M., 2004: A new giant porcupine (Rodentia, Erethizontidae) from the Late Miocene of Argentina.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 24, #3, pp. 732-741 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Feijó, A. & Langguth, A., 2013: Mamíferos de médio e grande porte do nordeste do Brasil: Distribuição e taxonomia, com descrição de novas espécies.
–Revista Nordestina de Biologia: Vol. 22, #1/2, pp. 3-225 - Hulbert Jr., R. C., 1997: A new Late Pliocene porcupine (Rodentia: Erethizontidae) from Florida.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 17, #3, pp. 623-626 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629 - Pontes, A. R. M., Gadelha, J. R., Melo, É. R. A., Sá, F., Loss, A. C., Caldara Junior, V., Costa, L. P. & Leite, Y. L. R., 2013: A new species of porcupine, genus Coendou (Rodentia: Erethizontidae) from the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil.
–Zootaxa: Vol. #3636 (3), pp. 421-438 [doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3636.3.2] - Voss, R. S., Hubbard, C. & Jansa, S. A., 2013: Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography.
–American Museum Novitates: Vol. #3769, pp. 1-36 [doi: 10.1206/3769.2]