Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Proboscidea – elephants and relatives

After Shoshoni & Tassy (eds.), 1996, and Gheerbrant et al., 2002

Note:

Inclusion of the Indo-Pakistani family Anthracobunidae to otherwise African order Proboscidea is controversial. See Shoshoni & Tassy (1996) for discussion.
Basal proboscidean superfamily Barytherioidea is paraphyletic (Shoshoni & Tassy, 1996, Gheerbrant, et al. 2002).

<==o Proboscidea Illiger, 1811 sensu Shoshoni & Tassy, 1996 (elephants and relatives; norsueläimet)
   |--o †Anthracobunidae
   |  |-- †Hsanotherium parvum Ducrocq et al., 2000
   |  |-- †Indobune vastanensis Rose, Smith, Rana, Sahni, Singh, Missiaen & Folie, 2006; L.Eoc. Ind.
   |  |-- †Ishatherium subathuensis Sahmi & Kumar, 1980
   |  |-- †Nakusia shahrigensis Ginsburg et al., 1999
   |  |-- †Pilgrimella pilgrimi Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg, 1958 [=? Anthracobune pilgrimi]
   |  |-- †Lammidhania wardi (Pilgrim, 1940) Gingerich, 1977
   |  `--o †Anthracobune Pilgrim, 1940
   |     |?- †A. pilgrimi [=? Pilgrimella pilgrimi Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg, 1958]
   |     |-- †A. pinfoldi Pilgrim, 1940
   |     `-- †A. aijiensis Kumar, 1991
   `--+?- †Jozaria palustris Wells & Gingerich, 1983
      `--o Proboscidea Illiger, 1811 sensu Tassy & Shoshoni, 1988
         |--o †Moeritherium Andrews, 1901 [Moeritheriidae Andrews, 1906]
         |  |-- †M. lyonsi Andrews, 1901
         |  |-- †M. trigodon Andrews, 1904
         |  `-- †M. chehbeurameuri Delmer, Mahboubi, Tabuce & Tassy, 2006
         `--o Barytherioidea Andrews, 1906 [paraphyletic]
            |-- †Phosphatherium escuilliei Gheerbrant, Sudre, & Cappetta, 1996 [paraphyletic Numidotheriidae Shoshani & Tassy, 1992]
            `--+-- †Daouitherium rebouli Gheerbrant, Sudre, Cappetta, Iarochène, Amaghzaz & Bouya, 2002 [paraphyletic Numidotheriidae Shoshani & Tassy, 1992]
               `--+-- †Numidotherium koholense Mahboubi et al., 1986 [paraphyletic Numidotheriidae Shoshani & Tassy, 1992]
                  `--+-- †Barytherium grave Andrews, 1901 [Barytheriidae]
                     |?- †Arcanotherium savagei (Court, 1995) Delmer, 2009 [Numidotherium savagei Court, 1995]
                     `--+-- Elephantiformes Tassy, 1988
                        `--o †Deinotheriidae Bonaparte, 1845 sensu Sanders, Kappelman & Rasmussen, 2004 [Deinotherioidea Bonaparte, 1845 (Osborn, 1921 nom. transl. pro Deinotheriidae Bonaparte, 1845)]
                           |-- †Chilgatherium harrisi Sanders, Kappelman & Rasmussen, 2004 [Chilgatheriinae Sanders, Kappelman & Rasmussen, 2004]
                           `--o †Deinotheriinae Bonaparte, 1845 (Sanders, Kappelman & Rasmussen, 2004 nom. transl. pro Deinotheriidae Bonaparte, 1845)
                              |--o †Prodeinotherium Ehik, 1930
                              |  |?- †P. orlovii (Sahni & Tripathi, 1957) [?=> P. pentapotamiae Falconer, 1868]
                              |  |-- †P. bavaricum (von Meyer, 1831) Ehik, 1930
                              |  |-- †P. hobleyi (Andrews, 1911) Harris, 1973
                              |  `-- †P. pentapotamiae
                              `--o †Deinotherium Kaup, 1829
                                 |?- †D. levius
                                 |-- †D. giganteus Kaup, 1829
                                 |?- †D. gigantissimum
                                 |-- †D. bozasi Arambourg, 1934 [D. giganteus Kaup, 1829: D. hopwoodi Osborn, 1936]
                                 `-- †D. indicum Falconer, 1845

Alternative phylogenies of basal proboscideans:

<==o Proboscidea sensu Delmer, 2009
   |-- †Phosphatherium
   `--+-- †Daouitherium
      `--+-- †Numidotherium
         `--+-- †Barytherium
            `--+-- †Arcanotherium
               `--+-- †Moeritherium
                  `--+-- †Deinotheriidae
                     `--+-- †Chilgatherium
                        `-- Elephantiformes

Reference(s):

• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
  in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
• Coppens, Y. & Beden, M., 1978: Moeritherioidea. 333-335.
  in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African mammals.
  –Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1978, xiv-641
• Coppens, Y., Maglio, V. J., Madden, C. T. & Beden, M., 1978: Proboscidea. 336-367.
  in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African mammals.
  –Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1978, xiv-641
• Court, N., 1995: A new species of Numidotherium (Mammalia: Proboscidea) from the Eocene of Libya and the early phylogeney of the Proboscidea.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 15, #3, pp. 650-671
• Delmer, C., 2009: Reassessment of the generic attribution of Numidotherium savagei and the homologies of lower incisors in proboscideans.
  –Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 54, #4, pp. 561-580 [doi: 10.4202/app.2007.0036]
• Froelich, D. J., 1999: Phylogenetic systematics of basal perissodactyls.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 19, #1, pp. 140-159
• Geraads, D., Kaya, T. & Mayda, S., 2005: Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications.
  –Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 50, #3, pp. 523-544
• Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J. & Cappetta, H., 1996: A Palaeocene proboscidean from Marocco.
  –Nature: Vol. 383, 5 September, pp. 68-70
• Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Cappetta, H., Iarochène, M., Amaghzaz, M. & Bouya, B., 2002: A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Marocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans.
  –Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 47, #3, pp. 493-506 [http://app.pan.pl/acta47/app47-493.pdf]
• Harris, J. M., 1978: Deinotherioidea and Barytherioidea. 315-332.
  in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African mammals.
  –Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1978, xiv-641
• McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
  –Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631
• Rose, K. D., Smith, T., Rana, R. S., Sahni, A., Singh, H., Missiaen, P. & Folie, A., 2006: Early Eocene (Ypresian) continental vertebrate assemblage from India, with description of a new anthrocobunid (Mammalia, Tethytheria).
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 26, #1, pp. 219-225
• Sanders, W. J., Kappelman, J. & Rasmussen, D. T., 2004: New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia.
  –Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 49, #3, pp. 365-392 [http://app.pan.pl/acta49/app49-365.pdf]
• Shoshoni, J., & Tassy, P., (eds.), 1996: The Proboscidea - Evolution and paleontology of elephants and their relatives.
  –Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, xxx - 472
• Thewissen, J. G. M., Williams, E. M. & Hussain, S. T., 2001: Eocene mammals faunas from Northern Indo-Pakistan
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #2, pp. 347-366