After Prothero & Schoch, 1989 and McKenna & Bell 1997
Note:
According to some authors, basal “perissodactylomorph” -families Meniscotheriidae and Phenacodontidae form a monophyletic taxon Phenacodonta.
McKenna & Bell, 1997, which I have decided to follow here, don't recognize this taxon.
<==o Altungulata [Paenungulata, ?Taxeopoda Cope, 1882] |--o “Perissodactylomorpha” [Phenacodonta sensu lato] | |?- †Ocepeia daouiensis Gheerbrant & Sudre, in Gheerbrant, Sudre, Iarochene & Moumni, 2001 | |--o †Meniscotheriidae | | |-- †Ectocion osbornianus [Gidleyina, Prosthecion] | | `--o †Meniscotherium Cope, 1874 [Hyracops] | | |-- †M. tapiacitis | | |-- †M. robustum | | `-- †M. chamense Cope, 1874 | `--+--o †Phenacodontidae | | |?- †Phenacodontidae genera et species indet. L. Paleoc., SEAs. [McKenna & †Chow, 2001] | | |?- †Almogaver | | |?- †Eodesmatodon | | |-- †Paraphenacodus solivagus | | |-- †Tetraclaenodon puercensis [Euprotogonia; T. septentrionalis] | | `--+-- †Copecion brachypternus? | | `--o †Phenacodus | | |-- †P. primaevus | | |-- †P. vortmani | | `-- †P. trilobatus | `--+?- †Embrithopoda Andrews, 1906 sensu Prothero & Schoch, 1989 (arsinoiitheres) | `--o “Perissodactyla” sensu Prothero & Schoch, 1989 | |?- Hyracoidea Huxley, 1869 (hyraxes; tamaanit) | `-- Perissodactyla Owen, 1848 sensu stricto [Mesaxonia sensu Prothero & Schoch, 1989] (kavioeläimet) `--o Altungulata sensu stricto [sensu McKenna and Bell, 1997] |-- †Loxolophidae [Arctocyonidae: Loxolophinae] `--+--o †Phenacolophidae | |-- †Ganolophus | |-- †Minchenella | |-- †Phenacolophus | |-- †Tienshanilophus | `-- †Yuelophus `--o Uranotheria (norsunsukuiset ungulaatit) |?- †Embrithopoda Andrews, 1906 sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997 (arsinoiitheres) `--+-- Hyracoidea Huxley, 1869 (tamaanit) `--o Tethytheria |-- Sirenia Illiger, 1811 (seireenieläimet) `--o Behemota |-- †Desmostylia Reinhart, 1953 (desmostylit) `-- Proboscidea Illiger, 1811 (norsueläimet)
Alternative phylogenies of Altungulata:
After McKenna & Bell, 1997<==o Altungulata |-- †Loxolophidae `--+-- †Phenacodonta `--o Paenungulata |-- Perissodactyla `--+--o †Phenacolophidae | |-- †Ganolophus | |-- †Minchenella | |-- †Phenacolophus | |-- †Tienshanilophus | `-- †Yuelophus `--o Uranotheria (norsunsukuiset ungulaatit) |-- †Embrithopoda `--+-- Hyracoidea (tamaanit) `--o Tethytheria |-- Sirenia (seireenieläimet) `--o Behemota |-- †Desmostylia `-- Proboscidea (norsueläimet) Reference(s):
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Tethytheria after Delmer, 2009<==o Tethytheria |--+-- †Anthracobunidae | `-- †Desmostylia `--+-- Sirenia `-- Proboscidea (norsueläimet) Reference(s):
|
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Court, N., 1990: Periotic anatomy of Arsinotherium (Mammalia: Embrithopoda) and its phylogenetic implications.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 10, #2, pp. 170-182 - Delmer, C., 2009: Reassessment of the generic attribution of Numidotherium savagei and the homologies of lower incisors in proboscideans.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 54, #4, pp. 561-580 [doi: 10.4202/app.2007.0036] - Fischer, M. S., 1989: Hyracoids, the sister-group of perissodactyls. 37-56.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The Evolution of Perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537 - Froelich, D. J., 1999: Phylogenetic systematics of basal perissodactyls.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 19, #1, pp. 140 - 159 - Libed, S. A., Lucas, S. G. & Kondrashov, P., 2001: Anagenetic evolution of Tetraclaenodon, A Palaocene "condylarth" from the San Juan Basin, New Mexico.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #3, Supplement to #3, pp. 73A - Luo, Z.-X., 1991: Variability of dental morphology and the relationships of the earliest arctocyonid species.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 11, #4, pp. 452-471 - Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Iarochene, M. & Moumni, A., 2001: First ascertained african "condylarth" mammals (primitive ungulates: cf. Bulbulodentata and cf. Phenacodonta) from the earlies Ypresian of the Ouled Abdoun Basin, Marocco.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #1, pp. 107-118 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - McKenna, M. C. & †Chow, M., 2001: New phenacodont-like mammal, Late Paleocene of China.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #3, Supplement to #3, pp. 79A - de Muizon, C. & Cifelli, R. L., 2000: The "condylarths" (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates.
–Geodiversitas: Vol. 22, #1, pp. 47-150 - Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M. 1989: Classification of the Perissodactyla. 530-537.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M. 1989: The evolution of perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press., New York. 1989, ix-537 - Thewissen, J. G. M. & Domning, D. P., 1992: The role of phenacodontids in the origin of the modern orders of ungulate mammals.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 12, #4, pp. 494-504 - Zonneveld, J.-P., Gunnell, G. F. & Bartels, W. S., 2000: Early Eocene fossil vertebrates from the southwestern Green River basin, Lincoln and Uinta Counties, Wyoming.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 20, #2, pp. 369-386