After Prothero & Schoch, 1989, Hulbert, 1989, MacFadden, 1997 and Alberdi, Ortiz-Jaureguizar & Prado, 1998
<==o ?Equini Gray, 1921 [non Gidley, 1907] (modern horses; nyky-hevoset) |--o †“Pliohippus” Marsh, 1874 | |-- †“P.” mirabilis | |-- †“P.” campestris [P. mirabilis] | |-- †“P.” pernix | |-- †“P.” robustus [P. pernix] | |-- †“P.” fossulatus [P. pernix] | |-- †“P.” pachyops [P. pernix] | |-- †“P.” lullianus [P. pernix] | |-- †“P.” nobilis | |-- †“P.” osborni | `-- †“P.” mexicanus `--+--o †Astrohippus Stirton, 1940 | |-- †A. ansae | `-- †A. stockii `--+--o “Hippidiform horses” [Late Miocene to Pleistocene, South America] | |--o †Hippidion Owen, 1869 [Parahipparion, Hyperhippidium] | | |-- †H. principale (Lund, 1845) | | |-- †H. neogaeum (Lund) | | `-- †H. bonaerense | |--o †Onohippidium Moreno, 1891 | | |-- †O. devillei (Gervais, 1855) | | `-- †O. galushai | `-- †Parahipparion C. Ameghino, 1904 `--o “Dinohippus” Quinn, 1955 [“Cabelliniform horses”, Late Miocene to Present, North America, South America, Eurasia & Africa] |-- †“Dinohippus” spectans `--+-- †“Dinohippus” leardi |-- †“Dinohippus” interpolatus `--+-- †“Dinohippus” leidyanus `--+-- †“Dinohippus” mexicanus `-- Equus Linnaeus, 1758 sensu lato [Synonyms] (hevoset; horses)
Reference(s):
- Alberdi, M. T., Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E. & Prado, J. L., 1998: A quantitative review of European stenonoid horses.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 72, #2, pp. 371-387 - Athanassiou, A., 2001: New data on the Equus stenonis Cocchi, 1867 from the late Pliocene locality of Sésklo (Thessaly, Greece).
–Geodiversitas: Vol. 23, #3, pp. 439-469 - Carranza-Castañeda, O. & Miller, W. E., 1987: Rediscovered type specimens and other important published Pleistocene mammalian fossils from Central Mexico.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 7, #3, pp. 335-341 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Churcher, C. S. & Richardson, M. L., 1978: Equidae. 379-422.
in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African mammals.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1978, xiv-641 - Eisenmann, V., 2000: Equus capensis (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Elandsfontein.
–Palaentologica Africana: Vol. 30, pp. 91-96 - Hulbert Jr., R. C., 1989: Phylogenetic interrelationships and evolution of North American Late Neogene Equidae. 176-196.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The evolution of perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537 - Hulbert, Jr., R. C., 1993: Late Miocene Nannippus (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Florida, with a description of the smallest hipparione horse.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 13, #3, pp. 350-366 - MacFadden, B. J., 1997: Pleistocene horses from Tarija, Bolivia, and validity of the genus †Onohippidium (Mammalia: Equidae).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 17, #1, pp. 199-218 - MacFadden, B. J. & Azzaroli, A., 1987: Cranium of Equus insulatus (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Middle Pleistocene of Tarija, Bolivia.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 7, #3, pp. 325-334 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M. 1989: Classification of the Perissodactyla. 530-537.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M. 1989: The Evolution of Perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press., New York. 1989.