Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Canidae: Caninae: Vulpini - foxes

After Nowak, 1991, Bininda-Emonds, Gittleman & Purvis, 1999, and Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009

<==o Vulpini Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1832 (foxes; ketut)
   |--o Vulpes Frisch, 1775 sensu Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009 [Fennecus Desmarest, 1804; Megalotis Illiger, 1811; Vulpis Gray, 1821; Alopex Kaup, 1829; Cynalopex H. Smith, 1839; Leucocyon Gray, 1868; Mamvulpesus Herrera, 1899; Xenalopex Kretzoi, 1954] (foxes; ketut)
   |  |?- †V. beihaiensis Qiu & Tedford, 1990
   |  |?- †V. chikushanensis Teilhard de Chardin, 1940
   |  |?- †V. galaticus
   |  |?- †V. pattisoni
   |  |?- †V. pulcher
   |  |?- †V. riffautae de Bonis, Peigné, Likius, Mackaye, Vignaud & Brunet, 2007
   |  |?-o V. macrotis Merriam, 1888 [ssp.=>V. velox??] (kit fox)
   |  |  |-- V. m. mutica
   |  |  `-- V. m. macrotis
   |  |--+-- V. pallida (Pale fox; vaaleakettu)
   |  |  |-- V. chama (Cape fox; kaamakettu, kapinkettu)
   |  |  `-- V. bengalensis (Bengal fox; bengalinkettu)
   |  `--+--+-- V. cana (Blanford's fox; blanfordinkettu)
   |     |  `-- V. zerda (Desmarest, 1804) [Fennecus zerda Desmarest, 1804] (Fennec fox; aavikkokettu, fennekki)
   |     `--+-- †V. kernensis Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009; L.Mioc. NAm.
   |        `--+-- †V. stenognathus Savage, 1941; L.Mioc. NAm.
   |           `--+?-+?-o V. velox (Say, 1823) [10 ssp.] (swift fox; kissakettu)
   |              |  |  |-- V. v. velox (kissakettu)
   |              |  |  |-- V. v. hebes (pikkukissakettu)
   |              |  |  `-- V. v. neomexicana (meksikonaavikkokettu)
   |              |  `--o ?(Alopex) Kaup, 1829?
   |              |     |-- †V. qiuzhudingi Wang, Tseng, Li, Takeuchi & Xie, 2014
   |              |     `-- V. lagopus Linnaeus, 1758 [Alopex lagopus (Linnaeus) Kaup, 1829?; ?Xenalopex Kretzoi, 1954; Vulpes lagopus sensu Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009] (Arctic fox; naali)
   |              |--+-- †V. alopecoides Major, 1875
   |              |  `--+-- †V. praeglacialis Kormos, 1932
   |              |     `--+-- †V. angustidens Thenius, 1954
   |              |        |?- V. rueppellii [6 ssp.] (Sand fox; hiekkakettu)
   |              |        `-- V. vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) [48 ssp.!!] [Canis vulpes Linnaeus, 1758; V. fulvus] (red fox; kettu)
   |              `--+-- †V. praecorsac Kormos, 1932
   |                 |?- V. ferrilata (Tibetan sand fox; tiibetinkettu)
   |                 `-- V. corsac [3 ssp.] (corsac; korsakki)
   `--+==o †Prototocyon Pohle, 1928
      |  |-- †Prototocyon recki [Otocyon recki]
      |  |?- †Prototocyon curvipalatus (Bose, 1880) [Sivacyon Pilgrim, 1928]
      |  `-- Otocyon (Desmarest, 1822) Müller, 1836 [Prototocyon] (Bat-eared fox; korvakoira)
      `--+--o †Metalopex Tedford & Wang, 2008
         |  |-- †M. maconnelli Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009
         |  `--+-- †M. merriami Tedfrod & Wang, 2008
         |     `-- †M. bakeri Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009
         `--o Urocyon Baird, 1858
            |-- †U. webbi Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009
            `--+?- †U. progressus Stevens, 1965
               |-- †U. galushai Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009 [Urocyon atwaterensis Getz, 1960 (nomen vanium)]
               `--+-- †U. citrinus Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009
                  `--+-- †U. minicephalus Martin, 1974
                     `--o U. cinereoargenteus (Schreber, 1775) (Gray fox; harmaakettu) [7 ssp.?]
                        |-- U. c. cinereoargenteus
                        |-- U. c. floridanus (Florida gray fox; floridanharmaakettu)
                        |-- U. c. scotti (Western gray fox)
                        `-- U. c. littoralis [Urocyon littoralis] (Island fox; saariharmaakettu)

<==o Vulpes Frisch, 1775 [Fennecus Desmarest, 1804; Megalotis Illiger, 1811; Vulpis Gray, 1821; Alopex Kaup, 1829; Cynalopex H. Smith, 1839; Leucocyon Gray, 1868; Mamvulpesus Herrera, 1899; Xenalopex Kretzoi, 1954] (foxes; ketut)
   |-- †V. kernensis
   `--+-- †V. stenognathus
      `--+--+-- †V. alopecoides
         |  `--+-- †V. praeglacialis
         |     `--+-- †V. angustidens
         |        `-- V. vulpes
         `--+-- †V. praecorsac Kormos, 1932
            `-- V. corsac

Reference(s):

• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
  in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
• McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., eds., 1997: Classification of mammals; above the species level.
  –Columbia University Press, New York, 1997.
• Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
  –The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii
• Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
  –The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629
• Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Gittleman, J. L. & Purvis, A., 1999: Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia).
  –Biological Reviews: Vol. 74, #2, pp. 143-175 [doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00184.x]
• Savage, R. J. G., 1978: Carnivora. 249-267
  in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African Mammals
  –Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England, 1978, xiv-641
• Tedford, R. H., Wang, X. & Taylor, B. E., 2009: Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae).
  –Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: #325, pp. 1-218
• Wang, X., Tseng, Z. J., Li, Q., Takeuchi, G. T. & Xie, G., 2014: From 'third pole' to north pole: a Himalayan origin for the arctic fox.
  –Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: Vol. 281, #1787, pp. [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0893]