(Partly) After Nowak & Paradiso, 1972, Mech, 1974, Bekoff, 1977, and Nowak, 1979, 1999
Note:
I'm highly skeptic of the named subspecies of coyote and wolf. Oversplitting seems to be rampant here.
<==o Canis Linnaeus, 1758 [taxonomic history] (wolves, jackals, coyote and domestic dog; sudet, shakaalit, kojootit ja koirat) |?- †C. sp.1 [South Turkwel Hominid site, Kenya] [Werdelin & Lewis, 2000] |?- †C. africanus |?- †C. atrox |?- †C. terblanchei |?- †C. michauxi |?- †C. falconeri |+- †C. ferox Miller & Carranza-Castañeda, 1998 |?- †C. petenyi |?- †C. arnensis |?- †C. chihliensis |?- †C. kuruksaensis |?- †C. thöoides Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009 |?- †C. feneus Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009 |?-+-- †C. lepophagus Johnston, 1938; U. Pleist. NA. | |?- †C. cedazoensis Mooser & Dalquest; 1975; U. Pleist. NA. | `--o C. latrans Say in James, 1823 [taxonomic history] (coyote; kojootti) U. Pleist. R. NA. | |-- C. l. cagottis (Hamilton-Smith, 1939) | |-- C. l. clepticus Elliot, 1903) [incl.? †C. andersoni Merriam, 1910] | |-- C. l. colatus Hall, 1934 | |-- C. l. dickeyi Nelson, 1932 (Panama coyote; panamankojootti) | |-- C. l. frustror Woodhouse, 1850 | |-- C. l. goldmani Merriam, 1904 | |-- †C. l. harriscrooki Slaughter, 1961 | |-- C. l. hondurensis Goldman, 1936 | |-- C. l. impavidus Allen, 1903 | |-- †C. l. irvingtonensis Savage, 1951 | |-- C. l. incolatus (Alaska coyote; alaskankojootti) | |-- C. l. jamesi Townsend, 1912 | |-- C. l. latrans Say in James, 1823 | |-- C. l. lestes Merriam, 1897 [incl.? C. l. microdon Merriam, 1897] | |-- C. l. mearnsi Merriam, 1897 | |-- C. l. microdon Merriam, 1897 | |-- C. l. ochropus Eschscholtz, 1829 | |-- †C. l. orcutti Merriam, 1910 | |-- C. l. peninsulae Merriam, 1897 | |-- †C. l. riviveronis Hay, 1917 (floridankojootti; Florida coyote); Pleist. NA. | |-- C. l. texensis Bailey, 1905 | |-- C. l. thamnos Jackson, 1949 | |-- C. l. umpquensis Jackson, 1949 | |-- C. l. vigilis Merriam, 1897 | `-- C. l. “var” (New England coyote; uudenenglanninkojootti) |?- †C. apolloniensis |?- †C. variabilis |?- †C. khomenkoi |?- †C. brevirostris `--+?- †C. etruscus (etruskisusi); L. Pleist. Eu. |?- †C. arnenis L. Pleist. SEu. [=? C. priscolatrans] |--+-- †C. edvardii Gazin, 1942 [taxonomic history]; Pleist. NA. | |?-o C. rufus Audubon & Bachman, 1851 taxonomic history] (red wolf; punasusi) [?hybridspecies: C. latrans X C. lupus] | | |-- C. r. rufus Audubon & Bachman, 1851 | | |-- †C. r. priscolatrans Cope, 1899 | | |-- †C. r. gregoryi Goldman, 1937 | | `-- †C. r. floridanus Miller, 1912 | `--+-- †C. armbrusteri Gidley, 1913; Pleist. NA. | `--+-- †C. dirus Leidy, 1858 [taxonomic history] (direwolf); Pleist. NA. | `--+?- †C. gezi E.Pleist. SSAm. | `?- †C. nehringi L.Pleist. SSAm. `--+--+-- C. simensis Ruppell, 1835 (Abyssinian wolf; simeninsakaali) | `?-+-- C. adustus Sundevall, 1846 (side-stiped jackal; juovasakaali) | |-- C. mesomelas Schreber, 1778 (black-backed jackal; vaippasakaali) | `-- C. aureus Linnaeus, 1758 [taxonomic history] (golden jackal; sakaali, kultasakaali) `--+-- †C. mosbachensis [C. lupus mosbachensis]; M. Pleist. Eu. `--+?-o C. familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 [taxonomic history] (domestic dog; koira) [polyphyletic?!] | `-- C. f. dingo Blumenbach, 1780 (dingo) `--o C. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 [taxonomic history] (wolf; susi); Pleist. R. Eu. As. NAf. NA. |--o “Eurasian wolves” [number of subspecies probably exaggerated] | |?- †C. l. lunellensis Bonifay, 1971 | |-- C. l. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 (wolf; susi) | |-- C. l. albus Kerr, 1792 | |-- C. l. arabs (Arabian wolf; arabiansusi) | |-- C. l. campestris Dwigubski, 1804 (arosusi) | |-- C. l. pallipes Sykes, 1831 (Indian wolf; intiansusi) | |-- C. l. chanco Gray, 1863 (Chinese wolf; kiinansusi) ==> domesticated dog?? | |-- †C. l. hadophilax Temminck, 1839 (Japanese wolf; japaninsusi) | `-- C. l. hattai Kishida, 1931 (Hokkaido wolf; hokkaidonsusi) `--o “North American wolves” [number of subspecies probably exaggerated] |-- C. l. alces Goldman, 1941 |-- C. l. arctos Pocock, 1935 (arctic isles wolf; arktistensaartensusi |-- C. l. baileyi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 (non Hoffmeister & Goodpaster, 1954) (meksikonsusi) |-- C. l. beothucus G.M. Allen & Barbour, 1937 (newfoundlandinsusi) |-- C. l. bernardi Anderson, 1943 |-- C. l. columbianus Goldman, 1941 (British Columbia wolf; brittiläisenkolumbiansusi) |-- C. l. crassodon Hall, 1932 (Vancover Isle wolf; Vancoversaaren susi) |-- C. l. fuscus Richardson, in Beechey, 1839 (Cascaid wolf; kaskadiensusi |-- C. l. hudsonicus Goldman, 1941 (hudsoninlahdensusi) |-- C. l. griseoalbus Baird, 1858 (Saskatshewaninsusi) |-- C. l. irremotus Goldman, 1937 (Montana wolf; montanansusi) |-- C. l. labradorius Goldman, 1937 (labradorinsusi) |-- C. l. ligoni Goldman, 1937 (Panhandle wolf; rannikkovuortensusi) |-- C. l. lycaon Schreber, 1775 (Timber wolf; metsäsusi) |-- C. l. mackenzii Anderson, 1943 (mackentsinsusi) |-- C. l. manningi Anderson, 1943 (ellesmerenmaansusi |-- C. l. mogollonensis Goldman, 1937 (New Mexico wolf; uudenmeksikonsusi) |-- C. l. monstrabilis Goldman, 1937 (Texas wolf; teksasinsusi) |-- C. l. nubilus Say, in Long, 1823 (Great Plains wolf; puhvelisusi) |-- C. l. occidentalis Richardson, 1829 (koilliskalliovuortensusi) |?- †C. l. furlongi Merriam, 1910 [taxonomic history] |-- C. l. orion Pocock, 1935 (grönlanninsusi; greenland wolf) |-- C. l. pambasileus Elliot, 1905 (eteläalaskansusi) |-- C. l. tundrarum Miller, 1912 (Tundra wolf; tundrasusi, pohjoisalaskansusi) `-- C. l. youngi Goldman, 1937 (Great Basin wolf)
Alternative phylogenies of Canis:
After Tedford, Wang, Taylor, 2009:
<==o Canis [paraphyletic]
|-- †Canis ferox
`--+--+-- †Canis lepophagus
| `--+-- †Canis thöoides
| `--+-- †Canis feneus
| `-- †Canis cedazoensis
`--+-- †Canis arnensis
`--+-- †Canis etruscus
`--+--+--+-- †Canis palmidens
| | `--+-- †Canis mosbachensis
| | `-- †Canis variabilis
| `--+-- †Canis edwardii
| `--+-- Canis latrans (coyote)
| `-- Canis aureus (golden jackal)
`--+--+-- †Canis chihliensis
| `--+-- Canis lupus (wolf; incl. dog)
| `--+-- †Canis armbrusteri
| `-- †Canis dirus (direwolf)
`--+--+-- †Canis antonii
| `-- †Canis falconeri
`--+-- †Xenocyon lycaonoides
`--+-- Cuon javanicus (dhole)
`-- Lycaon pictus (African hunting dog)
Reference(s):
|
Reference(s):
- Bekoff, M., 1977: Canis latrans.
–Mammalian species: #79, pp. 1-9 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Harrison, J. A., 1983: The Carnivora of the Edson Local Fauna (Late Hemphilillian), Kansas.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 54, pp. iv-42 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Mech, L. D., 1974: Canis lupus.
–Mammalian species: #37, pp. 1-6 - Nowak, R. M., 1979: North American Quaternary Canis
–Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas: #6, pp. 1-154 - Nowak, R. M., 1999: Walker's Mammals of the World (6th edition); Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1999, li-836-lxx - Nowak, R. M. & Paradiso, J. L., 1972: Canis rufus.
–Mammalian species: #22, pp. 1-4 - Savage, R. J. G., 1978: Carnivora. 249-267
in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African Mammals
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England, 1978, xiv-641 - Tedford, R. H., Wang, X. & Taylor, B. E., 2009: Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae).
–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: #325, pp. 1-218 - Viranta, S. & Fortelius, M., 2000: Personal correspondence.
- Werdelin, L. & Lewis, M. E., 2000: Carnivora from the South Turkwel hominid site, northern Kenya.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 74, #6, pp. 1173-1180