After McKenna & Bell, 1997, Cozzuol, 2001, Berta & Churchill, 2012, and Amson & de Muizon, 2013; with recent species from Nowak, 1991
<==o Phocidae Gray, 1821 (true seals; hylkeet) |?- †“Prophoca” rousseaui (Van Beneden 1876) [=? Monotherium rousseaui van Beneden, 1876] |?- †Prophoca proxima Van Beneden, 1876 |?- †Necromites nestoris Bogachev, 1940 |?- †Palaeophoca nystii Van Beneden 1859 [a sperm whale?] |?- †Miophoca vetusta Zapfe, 1937 |?- †Sarmatonectes sintsovi Koretsky, 2001 |-- †Devinophoca claytoni Koretsky, 2001; M.Mioc. EEu. `==o Monachinae Gray, 1869 [non? Gray, 1821] (monk seals; munkkihylkeensukuiset) |--o Monarchini Gray, 1869 (munkkihylkeet) | |-- †Palmidophoca callirhoe Ginsburg & Janvier, 1975 | |-- †Monachopsis pontica Kretzoi, 1941 | |--o †Pristiphoca Gervais, 1853 | | |-- †P. occitana Gervais, 1852 | | `-- †P. rugidens (Meyer, 1845) [Monachus (Pristiphoca) rugidens Meyer, 1845; Trouessart 1898] | |-- †Properiptychus argentinus (Ameghino, 1897) Koretsky 2001 [Periptychus argentinus Ameghino, 1897] | |-- †Messiphoca mauretanica de Muizon, 1981 | |-- †Callophoca obscura Van Beneden, 1876 [Mesotaria ambigua] | |-- †Pliophoca etrusca Tavani, 1941 | `--+--o †Pontophoca Kretzoi, 1941 | | |-- †P. sarmatica (Alekseev 1924) [Phoca sarmatica Alekseev, 1924] | | `-- †P. simionescui Kretzoi, 1941 | `--o Monachus Fleming, 1822 (monk seals; munkkihylkeet) | |-- M. schauinslandi Matschie, 1905 (Hawaiian monk seal; havaijinmunkkihylje) | |-- †M. tropicalis (Gray, 1850) [Phoca tropicalis Gray, 1850] (Caribbean monk seal, West Indian seal, sea wolf; floridanmunkkihylje) [last seen in 1952, declared extinct 2008] | `-- M. monachus (Hermann, 1779) (Mediterranean monk seal; munkkihylje) `--+--o Mirounga Gray, 1827 (Elephant seals; merinorsut, norsuhylkeet) | |-- M. angustirostris (Gill, 1866) (Northern elephant seal; pohjanmerinorsu) | `-- M. leonina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Southern elephant seal; etelänmerinorsu) `--+--o Lobodontini Gray, 1869 (etelänhylkeet) | |?-o †Monotherium van Beneden, 1876 | | |?- †M.? wymani (Leidy, 1853) | | |?- †M. affine van Beneden, 1876 | | |?- †M. rousseaui van Beneden, 1876 | | |-- †M. aberratum van Beneden, 1876 | | |-- †M. gaudini (Guiscardi 1870) [Monachus (Pristiphoca) gaudini, Phoca gaudini] | | `-- †M. delognii van Beneden, 1876 [type] | |-- †Hadrokirus martini Amson & de Muizon, 2013 | |--+-- Lobodon carcinophagus (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1842) Gray, 1844 (Crabeater seal; krillihylje) | | `-- Hydrurga leptonyx (Blainville, 1820) Gistel, 1848 (sea leopard; merileopardi) | `--+-- Ommatophoca rossi (Gray, 1844) (Ross' seal; rossinhylje) | `-- Leptonychotes weddellii (Lesson, 1826) Gill, 1872 (Weddell seal; weddellinhylje) `--+-- †Acrophoca longirostris `--+-- †Piscophoca pacifica `--+-- †Homiphoca capensis Hendey & Repenning, 1972 `-- Phocinae Gray, 1821 (pohjanhylkeet)
After Amson & de Muizon, 2013<==o Phocidae |-- Phocinae `--o Monachinae |--o Monarchini | |-- †Pliophoca etrusca | `-- Monachus monachus `--+--+-- †Callophoca obscura | `-- Mirounga leonina `--o LobodontiniHomiphoca capensis | `--+-- †Piscophoca pacifica | `-- †Hadrokirus martini `--+-- †Acrophoca longirostris `--+--+-- Leptonychotes weddellii | `-- Ommatophoca rossi `--+-- Lobodon carcinophagus `-- Hydrurga leptonyx Reference(s):
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Reference(s):
- Amson, E. & de Muizon, C., 2013: A new durophagous phocid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the late Neogene of Peru and considerations on monachine seals phylogeny.
–Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 12, #5, pp. 523-548 [doi: 10.1080/14772019.2013.799610] - Berta, A. & Churchill, M., 2012: Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description.
–Mammal Review: Vol. 42, #3, pp. 207-234 [doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x] - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Cozzuol, M. A., 2001: A "northern" seal from the Miocene of Argentina: Implications for phocid phylogeny and biogeography. –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 2001, #3, pp. 415-421
- Koretsky, I. A. & Barnes, L. G., 2006: Pinniped evolutionary history and paleobiography. 143-153
in Csiki, Z., (eds.) 2006: Mesozoic and Cenozoic vertebrates and paleoenviroments – Tributes to the career of Dan Grigorescu.
–Romanian Society of Paleontologists, Bucharest, 2006 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629