After Savage, 1978, Nowak, 1991, McKenna & Bell, 1997, and Lambert, 1997, with fossil species from “The Paleobiology Database”
<==o Lutrinae (otters; saukot) |?- †Torolutra ougandensis Petter, Pickford & Howell, 1991; E.Af. Mioc. |?-o †Mionictis Matthew, 1924 | |-- †M. angustidens Hall, 1930 [Brachypsalis angustidens] | |-- †M. artenensis Ginsburg, 1968 | |-- †M. dubia (de Blainville, 1841) | |-- †M. elegans Matthew ,1924 | |-- †M. incertus Matthew, 1924 | |-- †M. letifer Cook & Macdonald, 1962 | `-- †M. pristinus (Matthew & Gidley, 1904) [Brachypsalis pristinus; Lutra pristina] |?-o †Siamogale Ginsburg, Ingavat & Tassy, 1983; Mioc. SEAs. | |-- †S. thailandica Ginsburg, Ingavat & Tassy, 1983 | `-- †S. melilutra Wang, Grohé, Su, White, Ji, Kelley, Jablonski, Deng, You & Yang, 2017 `--+--o Lutrini (otters; tavalliset saukot) | |--o †Paralutra Roman & Viret, 1934 [paraphyletic sensu Wang et al., 2017] | | |?- †P. garganensis Willemsen, 1983 | | |-- †P. jaegeri Fraas, 1862 | | |-- †P. lorteti Filhol, 1879 | | `-- †P. transdanubica Kretzoi 1951 | `--+--o Lutra Brisson, 1762 [Basarabictis; Plesiolatax; Nesolutra Bate, 1935; Cyrnolutra Pereira & Salotti, 2000] (Eurasian otters; saukot) | | |?- †“Lutra” libyca Stromer, 1914 | | |?- †L. aonychoides (Zdansky, 1924) [Aonyx aonychoides Zdansky, 1924] | | |?- †L. affinis Gervais, 1859 | | |?- †L. bravardi Pomel, 1843 | | |?- †L. bressana Deperet, 1893 | | |?- †L. castiglionis (Pereira & Salotti, 2000) [Cyrnolutra castiglionis Pereira & Salotti, 2000] | | |?- †L. fatimazohrae Geraads, 1997 | | |?- †L. hessica Lydekker, 1890 | | |?- †L. licenti Teilhard & Piveteua, 1930 | | |?- †L. simplicidens Thenius, 1965 | | |?- †L. trinacriae Burgio & Fiore, 1988 | | |?- †L. euxena (Bate, 1935) [Nesolutra euxena Bate, 1935] | | |-- (Hydrictis) maculicollis (Lichtenstein, 1835) Pocock, 1921 (Spotted-necked otter; täpläsaukko) | | `--o (Lutra) Brisson, 1762 | | |-- L. (L.) lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) [Mustela lutra Linnaeus, 1758] (Eurasian otter, common otter; saukko) | | |?- L. (L.) nippon Imaizumi & Yoshiyuki, 1989 (japanese otter; japaninsaukko) | | `-- L. (L.) sumatrana Gray, 1865 (Hairy-nosed otter; karvakuonosaukko) | `--+--o Lontra Gray, 1843 (New World otters; uudenmaailmansaukot) | | |-- L. canadensis (Schreber, 1777) (North American otter; amerikansaukko) | | |--o L. longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) (neotropical otter; neotropiikinsaukko) | | | |-- L. l. annectens | | | |-- L. l. colombiana | | | |-- L. l. enudris | | | |-- L. l. incarum | | | |-- L. l. longicaudis (neotropiikinsaukko) | | | `-- L. l. platensis (laplatansaukko) | | |-- L. provocax(Thomas, 1908) (Southern river otter; eteläamerikansaukko) | | `-- L. felina (Molina, 1782) (Marine otter; rantasaukko) | `--+-- †Algarolutra majori (Malatesta, 1978) Malatesta & Willemsen, 1986 [Cyrnaonyx majori Malatesta, 1978] | `--+-- †Sardolutra ichnusae (Malatesta, 1977) [Nesolutra ichnusae Malatesta, 1977] | `--+-- †Satherium piscinarium (Leidy, 1873) Gazin, 1934 [Lutra piscinaria Leidy, 1873; Lutra ingens Gazin, 1934; Satherium ingens Gazin, 1934 Satherium piscinaria Gazin, 1934] (Hagerman's otter) | `--+--o Pteronura brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1788) Gray, 1837 (giant otter; jättiläissaukko) | | |-- P. b. brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1788) | | `-- P. b. paraguensis [P. b. paranensis] | `--o Lutrogale Gray, 1865 [Isolalutra Symeonides & Sondaar, 1975] | |-- †L. cretensis (Symeonides & Sondaar, 1975) [Isolalutra cretensis Symeonides & Sondaar, 1975] (Cretan Otter) | |?- †L. palaeoleptonyx (Falconer, 1868) [Lutra palaeoleptonyx Falconer, 1868] | |?- †L. robusta | `--o L. perspicillata (Geoffroy, 1826) (Smooth-coated otter; lyhytkarvasaukko) | |-- L. p. perspicillata | |-- L. p. maxwelli | `-- L. p. sindica `--+--o Aonychini (clawless otters; kynnettömät saukot) | |--o †Limnonyx Crusafont Pairo, 1950 | | |-- †L. pontica (Nordmann, 1860) [Lutra pontica Nordmann, 1860] | | `-- †L. sinerizi Crusafont Pairo, 1950 | `--+-- †Cyrnaonyx antiqua (de Blainville, 1841) Helbing, 1935 [Lutra antiqua de Blainville, 1841] | `--+--o Aonyx Lesson, 1827 | | |--o (Aonyx) capensis (Schinz, 1821) (African clawless otter; valkoposkisaukko) | | | |-- A. (A.) c. capensis (Schinz, 1821) | | | |-- A. (A.) c. hindei (Thomas, 1905) | | | `-- A. (A.) c. meneleki (Thomas, 1903) | | `--o (Paraonyx) congica (sic) (Lönnberg, 1910) [A. congicus] (kameruninsaukko) | | |-- A. (P.) c. microdon (Pohle, 1920) (kameruninsaukko) | | |-- A. (P.) c. congica (sic) (Lönnberg, 1910) (kongonsaukko) | | `-- A. (P.) c. philippsi (Hinton, 1921) | `--+-- Amblonyx cinereus (Illiger, 1815) Rafinesque, 1832 [Aonyx cinerea] (Oriental Small-clawed otter; pikkusaukko) | `-- †Megalenhydris barbaricina Willemsen & Malatesta, 1987 `--o Enhydrini (sea otters; merisaukot) |--o †Vishnuonyx Pilgrim, 1932 | |-- †V. chinjiensis Pilgrim, 1932 | `-- †V. angololensis Werdelin, 2003 `--+--o †Sivaonyx Pilgrim, 1931 | |-- †S. bathygnatha (Lydekker, 1884) [Lutra bathygnatha Lydekker, 1884] | |-- †S. gandakasensis Pickford, 2007 | |-- †S. hendeyi Morales et al., 2005 | |-- †S. hessicus (Lydekker, 1890) Morales & Pickford, 2005 [=? Lutra hessica Lydekker, 1890] | |-- †S. kamuhangirei Morales & Pickford, 2005 | |-- †S. senutae Morales & Pickford, 2005 | `-- †S. soriae Morales & Pickford, 2005 `--+--o †Enhydriodon Falconer, 1868 [Amyxodon Falconer & Cautley, 1835] | |-- †E. aethiopicus Geraads, Eisenmann & Petter, 2004 | |-- †E. africanus Stromer, 1931 | |-- †E. dikikae Geraads, Alemseged, Bobe & Reed, 2011 | |-- †E. ekecaman Werdelin, 2003 | |-- †E. falconeri Pilgrim 1932 | |-- †E. pattersoni | |-- †E. sivalensis | `?- †E. latipes `--+-- †Tyrrhenolutra helbingi `--+-- †Enhydritherium terraenovae `--+-- †Paludolutra `--o Enhydra Fleming, 1828 (sea otters; merisaukko) |-- †E. macrodonta `--o E. lutris (Linnaeus, 1758) [Lutra marina] (sea otter; merisaukko) |-- E. l. lutris (Linnaeus, 1758) (West Pacific sea otter; Asian sea otter; common sea otter; länsityynemeren merisaukko) |-- E. l. nereis (Merriam, 1904) (Southern sea otter; californian sea otter; kalifornianmerisaukko) `-- E. l. kenyoni (Wilson, 1991) (Northern sea otter; Alaskan sea otter; alaskanmerisaukko)
After Wang, Grohé, Su, White, Ji, Kelley, Jablonski, Deng, You & Yang, 2017
<==o Lutrinae
|-- Pteronura brasiliensis
`--+--o Lontra
| |-- L. canadensis
| `-- L. felina
`--+--+-- Lutra lutra
| `-- Aonyx capensis
`--+-- †Lutra aonychoides
|--+-- †Paralutra jaegeri
| `--o †Siamogale
| |-- †S. thailandica
| `-- †S. melilutra
`--+--+--+-- Enhydra lutris
| | `-- †Enhydriodon
| `--+-- †Vishnuonyx
| `-- †Sivaonyx
`--+-- †Tyrrhenolutra helbingi
`--+-- †Paralutra garganensis
`--+-- †Enhydritherium terraenovae
`-- †Paludolutra
Reference(s):
|
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Geraads, D., Alemseged, Z., Bobe, R. & Reed, D., 2011: Enhydriodon dikikae, sp. nov. (Carnivora: Mammalia), a Gigantic Otter from the Pliocene of Dikika, Lower Awash, Ethiopia.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 31, #2, pp. 447-453 [doi: 10.1080/02724634.2011.550356] - Grohé, C., Chaimanee, Y., de Bonis, L., Yamee, C., Blondel, C. & Jaeger, J.-J., 2010: New data on Mustelidae (Carnivora) from Southeast Asia: Siamogale thailandica, a peculiar otter-like mustelid from the late middle Miocene Mae Moh Basin, northern Thailand.
–Naturwissenschaften: Vol. 97, #11, pp. 1003-1015 [doi: 10.1007/s00114-010-0721-8] - Lambert, W. D., 1997: The osteology and paleoecology of the giant otter Enhydritherium terranovae.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 17, #4, pp. 738-749 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629 - Savage, R. J. G., 1978: Carnivora. 249-267
in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African Mammals.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England, 1978, xiv-641 - Wang, X., Grohé, C., Su, D. F., White, S. C., Ji, X., Kelley, J., Jablonski, N. G., Deng, T., You, Y. & Yang, X., 2017: A new otter of giant size, Siamogale melilutra sp. nov. (Lutrinae: Mustelidae: Carnivora), from the latest Miocene Shuitangba site in north-eastern Yunnan, south-western China, and a total-evidence phylogeny of lutrines.
–Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: in press [doi: 10.1080/14772019.2016.1267666] - Werdelin, L., 2003: Mio-Pliocene Carnivora from Lothagam, Kenya. 261-328.
in Leakey, M. G. & Harris, J. M., (eds.) 2003: Lothagam – The Dawn of Humanity in East Africa.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 2003, 1-678