After Gravlund, 2001
<==o Caenophidia sensu Gravlund, 2001 [Columbroidea] (poisonous snakes; myrkkykäärmeet) |--o Psammophiidae Bourgeois, 1969 | |--+-- Malpolon monspessulanus (sisiliskokäärme) | | `-- Rhamphiophis oxyrhynchus | `--+-- Psammophis condenarus | `--+-- Psammophylax variabilis | `-- Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia `--+--+-- Mehelya capensis | |-- Lycodonomorphus bicolor | |-- Xenodon serverus | |-- Micrurus diastema | |-- Micruroides euryxanthus | |-- Naja naja (kobra) | |-- Ophiophagus hannah | |-- Bungarus fasciatus | `--o Atractaspididae [incl. Aparallactinae, Viperidae: Atractaspidinae] (maakyyt; Stiletto Snakes, Mole Vipers) | |-- Atractaspis corpulenta | `-- Lamprophis fuliginosus `--+--+-- Enhydris enhydris | `-- Viperidea (kyykäärmeet; vipers & rattlesnakes) `--+-- Natricinae (rantakäärmeet) `--+--+-- Dipsas catesbyi | `-- Farancia abacura (liejukäärme) `--+--+-- Gonyosoma oxycephala | `-- Elaphe obsoleta [Elaphinae??] `--+-- Lycodon laoensis [Lycodontinae] `--+--+-- Thelotornis capensis | `--o Boica | |-- B. drapiezii | `-- B. cynodon `--+--+-- Crotaphopeltis tornieri | `--+-- Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia | `-- Telescopus semiannulatus `--o ?Dasypeltinae (munakäärmeet) |--o Dasypeltis | |-- D. atra | `-- D. medici medici `--o Dipsadoboa |-- D. shreveri `--+-- D. unicolor `-- D. werneri
Reference(s):
- Caldwell, M. W. & Lee, M. S. Y., 1997: A snake with legs from the marine Cretaceous of the Middle East.
–Nature: Vol. 386, 17 April, pp. 705-709 - Gravlund, P., 2001: Radiation within the advanced snakes (Caenophidia) with special emphasis on African opistoglyph columbrids, based on mitochondrial sequence data.
–Biological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 72, #1, pp. 99-114 - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 5: Kalat, sammakkoeläimet, matelijat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beauté Du Monde Animal: IX Reptiles/Amphibiens & X Poissons.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968 - Zaher, H. 1998: The phylogenetic position of Pachyrhachis within snakes (Squamata, Lepidosauria)
–Journal or Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 18, #1, pp. 1-3 - Scanlon, J. D., & Lee, M. S. Y., 2000: The pleistocene serpent Wonambi and the early evolution of snakes.
–Nature: Vol. 403, 27 January, pp. 416-420
Tchernov, E., Rieppel, O., Zaher, H., Polcyn, M., J., & Jacobs, L., L., 2000: A fossil snake with limbs.
–Science: Vol. 287, 17 March, pp. 2010-2012 - Rage, J. C. & Werner, C., 1999: Mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) snakes from Wadi Abu Hashim, Sudan: The earliest snake assemblage.
–Palaeontologia Africana: Vol. 35, pp. 85-110. - Uetz, P., Etzold, T. & Chenna, R., 1995-2000: The TIGR Reptile Database
[former EMBL Reptile Database]
–iNet: http://www.reptile-database.org/ - Welch, K. R. G., 1995: Snakes of the World, a checklist, Vol 1: Venomous snakes.
–R & A Research and Information Ltd., KCM Books. 1-135